Landscape disturbance caused by non-renewable energy production in a semi-arid region: a case study on the Russian steppe

Exploration and development of oil and gas (O&G) energy resources can create large-scale and permanent landscape effects that are best measured and understood via fieldwork and geospatial technologies. In this article, we examine O&G surface disturbance in the Orenburg steppe region of southwestern Russia for the year 2015. Utilizing field surveys, remote-sensing data and geographic information system (GIS) techniques, we apply a two-pronged approach. First, we map and measure the landscape infrastructure footprint (LIF) to determine the pattern and extent of direct surface disturbance created by O&G facilities and access roads. Second, we conduct a site suitability analysis to identify specific O&G production locations that are most vulnerable to environmental degradation. The approach considers both the particular properties of hydrocarbon production and specific natural features of steppe zones. Suitability patterns represent three indicators: two morphometric parameters (slope and aspect) and one spatial (the remoteness of O&G objects from water bodies). Our findings suggest that O&G production disturbs just over 3% of soil-vegetation cover in our study plot, while more than 13% of O&G objects are located in unsuitable zones based on topographic aspect, and about 11% lie in unsuitable zones regarding distance to water.     

SWOT analysis for socio-ecological landscape variation as a precursor to the management of the mountainous Kanshi watershed,Salt Range of Pakistan

Variations in geo-environmental attributes differ strongly from those of urban anthropogenic structures. Similarly, these types of structures are self-directed and arranged and prone to abrupt process-related changes and modifications. Thus, there are many reasons why planned urbanization forms in association with disturbances in ecosystem mobility. The current research highlights these variations in the context of social–cultural assessments within the Jhelum River watershed, which strongly expresses urbanization structure development mechanisms. The climate ranges from semi-arid to subhumid subtropical and sub-mountainous climate, though the extreme temperatures may rise as high as 49.4°C in June and may drop as low as ?1.6°C in January. The rainfall is low in the southwest and gradually increases towards the northeast, whereas the Salt Range is the major topographic feature that controls climatic impacts and promotes sustainable development. Cross-disciplinary methods are adopted in this investigation to assess the social–ecological landscape system (SELS) in terms of its mobility and degree of urbanization. The Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda recognize that human livelihoods and the management of natural resources cannot be addressed separately. Investing in the sustainability of mountain communities and ecosystem conservation and protection will provide benefits for humanity as a whole. It pertains to the commensurate development of the SELS and its response to interruptions. Thus, a reliable SWOT analysis for management approaches is introduced that may enable the development of competencies that promote and lead towards rapid improvements in the sustainability of retrograde urban infrastructure, including watersheds.     

城市新城区公园沟塘沉积物磷释放风险及影响因素分析

以合肥蜀峰湾体育公园5个水塘和3条沟渠为对象,采集表层沉积物及上覆水样,测算不同季节表层沉积物磷平衡浓度（EPC₀）,并解析其对外源碳或氮添加的响应,据此评估沉积物磷释放风险水平,识别主要环境影响因素.结果表明,该城市公园沟塘沉积物磷素污染处于轻-中度污染水平,总磷（TP）含量为209.28~713.51 mg·kg^-1,生物有效磷含量占TP的质量分数为18.51%~36.21%;环境背景情形下水塘沉积物EPC₀变化范围为0.012~0.142 mg·L^-1（均值0.057 mg·L^-1）,沟渠EPC₀变化范围为0.036~0.156 mg·L^-1（均值0.078 mg·L^-1）;外源碳的添加导致水塘1、3和沟渠1的EPC₀值升高（其中水塘3上升约47.5%）,提高了沉积物磷释放风险,其余沟塘沉积物EPC₀值则出现下降（特别是水塘5下降约58.6%）,意味着磷释放风险水平下降;而在外源氮添加情形下,所有沟塘沉积物EPC₀值都出现了不同程度的下降（沟渠1、2的夏季情形除外）,特别是水塘2表现尤为显著（下降约51.6%）,表明沟塘沉积物磷吸收存在氮限制性;根据偏最小二乘回归分析（PLSR）结果,氮、磷对水塘和沟渠沉积物的EPC₀值影响存在差异.     

景观类型与景观格局演变对洪泽湖水质的影响

基于Landsat序列遥感影像数据解译进行了景观类型分类,分析了2008—2018年洪泽湖16个监测点位水质数据变化特征,从流域尺度研究了景观类型和景观格局演变对湖区水质的影响机制.研究结果表明,洪泽湖区主要水质风险指标为总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）,淮安南区域TN和TP浓度较高.2000年之前洪泽湖流域内景观类型主要为旱地（43.3%）,2000年后主要景观类型逐渐转变为水田（37.7%）和建设用地（23.6%）.建设用地、水田、入湖河流、围圩和围网养殖面积与湖区TN和TP浓度呈显著正相关,林地和草地面积与TN和TP浓度呈显著负相关.围圩养殖面积对TN浓度变异解释度最高,建设用地面积对TP浓度变异解释度最高,分别为47.6%和43.2%.近20年洪泽湖流域景观破碎度增大,斑块密度指数（PD）和蔓延度指数（CONTAG）与湖区TN、TP浓度呈显著正相关.建设用地、围网和围圩养殖面积增加以及景观破碎化增强与湖区TN和TP浓度上升密切相关.减少围圩和围网养殖的面积比例,控制建设用地和水田规模,降低生态空间景观破碎度,是维护和修复洪泽湖水质安全和水生态健康的重要抓手.     

基于景观结构的土地利用生态风险空间特征分析 ——以江西兴国县为例

本文以我国典型的红壤丘陵区——江西兴国县为研究对象,基于景观结构中的景观干扰度指数和景观脆弱度指数构建土地利用生态风险指数,并借助空间统计学中的空间自相关和半方差分析方法,进行土地利用生态风险的空间分布和梯度变化特征分析.结果表明,研究区内的土地利用生态风险度存在着一定的空间正相关性,并随着粒度增大,呈现出下降的趋势.1994-2005年的11年中,研究区生态环境质量整体有所上升,土地利用生态风险指数较高的地区有所较少.研究区的中部区域生态风险度高,相邻区域的生态风险度也较高.1994年和2005年,研究区生态风险指数空间分异的步长都比较小,分别为43km和9.3km.     

Decoupling fragmentation from habitat loss for spiders in patchy agricultural landscapes

Habitat loss reduces species diversity, but the effect of habitat fragmentation on number of species is less clear because fragmentation generally accompanies loss of habitat. We compared four methods that aim to decouple the effects of fragmentation from the effects of habitat loss. Two methods are based on species-area relations, one on Fisher's alpha index of diversity, and one on plots of cumulative number of species detected against cumulative area sampled. We used these methods to analyze the species diversity of spiders in 2, 3.2 × 4 km agricultural landscapes in Southern Judea Lowlands, Israel. Spider diversity increased as fragmentation increased with all four methods, probably not because of the additive within-patch processes, such as edge effect and heterogeneity. The positive relation between fragmentation and species diversity might reflect that most species can disperse through the fields during the wheat-growing season. We suggest that if a given area was designated for the conservation of spiders in Southern Judea Lowlands, Israel, a set of several small patches may maximize species diversity over time.     

北京市景观水体嗅味污染特征

以北京市9处典型景观湖泊水体为研究对象,对其嗅味污染特征进行深入分析,并结合相关水质指标对水体嗅味污染特征进行初步解析. 研究发现,北京市景观水体中主要的嗅味污染物为土臭素(geosmin),2-甲基异莰醇(2-methylisoborneol,2-MIB)以及β-紫罗兰酮(β-ionone),其质量浓度平均值分别达613.84,1 319.57和143.00 ng/L. 通过对水质参数进行深入分析发现,北京市主要景观水体富营养化问题严重,TP是北京市景观水体的限制性水质因素,且有机物污染程度较高〔ρ(DOC)≥5.17 mg/L〕. 在研究的景观水体中,玉渊潭、福海和北海嗅味污染较为突出,前海和西海嗅味污染较轻. 北京市主要景观水体中嗅味污染与水中ρ(TP),ρ(DOP)和ρ(DOC)表现出显著相关,说明水体中存在的大量DOP和有机污染物是水体富营养化和嗅味污染的主要原因.      

松嫩平原西部湿地自然保护区保护有效性遥感分析

以松嫩平原西部国家级湿地自然保护区为研究对象,以Landsat MSS/TM/OLI遥感影像为基础信息源,综合运用最小均方差、变异系数、景观指数、信息熵模型、地理信息系统空间分析和景观发展强度指数,研究保护区保护有效性变化及其影响因素.结果表明:松嫩平原西部国家级湿地自然保护区保护有效性大致呈递减趋势;1987~2013年人类活动对保护区的干扰强度不断增加,且与保护区保护有效性呈显著负相关;耕地和草地为湿地转出的主要类型,分别占总转出面积的63.71%和21.69%;湿地自然保护区保护有效性的降低是自然环境变化和人类活动影响共同作用的结果,自然环境变化是内因,而人为活动干扰,尤其是开垦造田和水利修建加速了湿地退化.最后,论文就研究中存在的不足以及保护区管理建设中应关注的问题进行了阐述.     

基于生境适宜度的成都震后大熊猫生境评价

通过分析大熊猫生境适宜度指标,评价“5\512汶川大地震”对成都地震灾区大熊猫生境的影响并提出恢复措施. 结合大熊猫生境的物理环境、生物环境和压力三方面因素建立评价指标体系,运用层次分析法确定评价指标权重,并利用GIS空间叠加分析对大熊猫生境适宜度进行综合评价,将结果分为最适宜、适宜、较不适宜和不适宜4种类型. 对比地震前后大熊猫生境适宜度变化显示:震后大熊猫生境的景观破碎化程度明显增加,生态廊道受到不同程度的破坏,大熊猫适宜生境面积减少,其中,彭州市龙门山镇变化最大,适宜生境减少2 729.5 hm2;其次为都江堰市虹口乡、龙池镇与彭州市小鱼洞镇,其适宜生境分别减少1 760.4,303.5和241.1 hm2. 针对研究结果,提出恢复重建的优先次序以及需要生态修复的重点区域,给出优先采取工程和生物措施,并辅助以自然恢复的修复手段.      

生态风景林理论在城市道路景观规划设计中的运用

城市生态风景林是城市森林的重要组成部分,在对城市生态风景林的理论进展和相关概念辨析的基础上,结合城市道路绿化现状和道路生态风景林的特征,创新性地提出以生态风景林理论指导城市道路景观规划设计,并以合肥方兴大道生态风景林规划设计为例,着重论述城市道路生态风景林规划设计的方法、理念和内容。