A comparison of fixed-site and non-fixed-site approaches for species protection

The efficacy of simultaneously advancing two distinct conceptual designs (referred to here as fixed-site and non-fixed-site) for species conservation and protection is addressed. In the literature, numerous models can be found that typically stem from a particular design, but rarely are comparisons made between approaches. This paper presents a more integrated optimization framework that models landowner behavior and species viabilities at a landscape scale. Regional demand for resource extraction is used as the economic driver, a variant of simulated annealing is used to solve the model under different species protection approaches, and a detailed species population simulator is utilized to measure biological responses. When directly comparing the outcomes of different species protection strategies from a case study in Oregon (USA), it was found that neither approach was universally superior in terms of financial value or degree of protection for two late seral forest dependent species.     

典型城郊土地利用格局对水体抗生素的影响研究

阐明城郊地区土地利用格局对水环境中抗生素的影响,对维持城乡共生体水土安全和保障人居环境健康有重要意义.本研究基于典型城郊流域的定位监测,比较了不同等级子流域水体抗生素的组成、浓度和分布特征,探讨了土地利用格局对水体抗生素的影响.结果表明,研究区水体中抗生素浓度为1.126~54.236 ng·L^-1,不同等级子流域水体抗生素的种类和浓度有较大的差异.子流域土地利用结构与水体抗生素的种类和浓度密切相关,由主坐标分析（PCoA）可知,具有相似土地利用结构的子流域水体抗生素组成和浓度具有相似性.相关分析表明,子流域中城镇、农田和林地的面积比例与水体中四环素类抗生素（TCs）的浓度密切相关,而园地面积比例与水体中磺胺类抗生素（SAs）的浓度关系密切.耦合景观格局分析表明,水体抗生素总浓度与香农多样性指数（SHDI）和蔓延度指数（CONTAG）呈显著相关性（p<0.05）;四环素类抗生素与边界密度（ED）、香农多样性指数、均匀度指数（SHEI）、蔓延度指数和聚集度指数（AI）呈显著相关性（p<0.05）.通过构建逐步回归模型进一步表明,水体抗生素的浓度与园地、林地面积和香农多样性指数关系密切.研究结果表明受人类活动干扰程度大、景观破碎化较为严重的区域水体抗生素的浓度较高.     

景观格局类型对热岛效应的影响——以福州市中心城区为例

以“火炉”城市之一福州市为例,运用RS与GIS技术、半变异函数分析等方法,以2009年、2018年Landsat TM/OLI系列影像为数据源,从城市尺度分析了景观格局与城市热岛的关系,从景观格局特征尺度分析了景观格局类型对热岛效应的影响.结果表明：从2009年、2018年9个景观格局指数计算结果显示福州市中心城区景观格局破碎化程度增加;2009年与2018年的景观格局特征尺度分别为3600m,2500m,表明后者的景观格局更为丰富;虽然主城区的热岛效应得到了一定缓解,但城市热岛的范围逐渐扩大,八个新城分别成为了新的热岛中心;不同景观格局类型的热岛效应的严重情况依次为：纯人工本底格局 > 人工本底的散布格局 > 人工本底的指状、网络格局 > 自然本底的指状、网络格局 > 自然本底的散布格局 > 纯自然本底格局.研究以期通过细化景观格局研究尺度,为具有热岛降温作用的景观格局提出优化的方向.     

城市湿地景观的生态设计

以武汉后湖某湿地生态修复工程为例,介绍了城市湿地景观生态设计的应用。提出了"治污、生态、景观"综合考虑的生态设计理念,着重分析了从污染源控制、生态植被的恢复以及滨水景观的营造等方面实施湿地生态修复的方法与实践。     

近50年中国温带地区不同景观带气温变化对比研究

运用线性趋势分析、气候倾向率分析和Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法对中国1962年-2011年温带地区不同景观带气温数据进行分析,研究温带地区不同景观带气温变化趋势以及气温突变状况,分析气温变化的异同。研究结果表明：近50年中国温带地区森林、草原、荒漠三个景观带的年平均气温、四季气温、年平均最高、最低气温都呈现显著增加的趋势,且均存在突变现象,虽然同属温带地区,但是气温增长速率及突变时间存在差异。温带草原带和温带森林带是气候变化的敏感区。     

Sustainable development of building of extensive roof greening in Taiwan

Taiwan government specifies that the average roof thermal transmittance must be less than 0.8 (w/(m²·k)) for the design of all residential buildings in order to implement the policy of saving energy. However, self-disciplined architects practice the design of aesthetic roof to blend in with green landscape so that they urgently expect the academia to provide roof greening technical information to support their idea of designing green roofs for residential buildings. In this research, a single-family housing unit is used for investigating the possibility of applying extensive roof greening to achieve building sustainable development. The experiment tasks focused on the soil denudation caused by rainwater washing and replenishing the soil carbon by irrigating the soil with gray water. Using tap water to irrigate the green roof for 12, 16, and 14 weeks causes nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium, respectively, to be reduced to less than the original levels, respectively. Applying gray water to irrigate the green roof soil will raise the soil fertility by improving nitrogen and phosphate but not obvious for potassium.     

Landscape Hydrogeology and its Influence on Patterns of Groundwater Flux and Nitrate Removal Efficiency in Riparian Buffers

This study uses data from 46 riparian sites to examine the influence of landscape hydrogeology on patterns of groundwater flux and the buffer width required for effective nitrate removal in humid temperate agricultural regions. There is a considerable imbalance in the research focus on different hydrogeologic settings. More than 40% of the buffers are located in landscapes with surficial sand aquifers, whereas few buffers have been studied in glacial till and weathered bedrock landscapes which cover large areas. Annual groundwater fluxes for 29 of these sites ranged from <20 L/m/day for buffers on flat sand plains and uplands with fine‐textured deposits to 50‐1,200 L/m/day for many sites with upland sand aquifers. Despite a similar range of water fluxes, buffers in gently to moderately sloping landscapes with <4 m depths of sand sediments reached a 90% removal efficiency within 30‐60 m while sites with >4 m depths required a 150‐200 m width. The width for 90% efficiency in buffers with loamy sand and sandy loam sediments also increased from 10‐20 m with <4 m sediment depths to 50‐100 m for >4 m depths. Limited data for buffers with fine‐textured sediments suggest that 90% of the nitrate flux was often depleted in a 10‐20 m width. Groundwater flux did not have a significant relationship with nitrate removal percent per meter buffer width because of the variation in efficiency that occurred in buffers with similar fluxes in different hydrogeologic settings.     

Nodes of a peri-urban agricultural landscape at local level: an interpretation of their contribution to the eco-structure

The ecological value of some fine-scale landscape elements tends to be overlooked when they are found in highly human-influenced landscapes, such as peri-urban agricultural ones. These landscapes usually fall beyond the scope of the defined categories of landscape protection, and are thus mapped as areas of little or no ecological interest in the context of extensive analysis. In this paper, we present a method for assessing and visualizing the existing nodes in the field pattern of a peri-urban agricultural landscape. Nodes are identified from the field pattern and characterized according to the presence of relevant features and land uses from the viewpoint of their ecological functions. The method is applied in the Vega del Guadalfeo (south of Spain). Our results show an innovative map of the Vega which may be interpreted as its eco-structure; a model based on nodes to represent the ecological value of the peri-urban agricultural landscape.     

Sustainable Tourism Development Management of Local Cultural Landscapes

Nowa days, ecological and cultural tourism, especially those ancient villages and towns in China, have attracted an increasing number of tourists because of their unique cultural features. However, rapid development of tourism brings economic benefits, but results in a series of problems that threaten further tourism development and protection of ancient towns, such as over-commercialization and tourism urbanization. Taking Longmen ancient town as an example, this paper presented a sustainable way of preserving and developing resources of ancient villages and towns. First, identify cultural features and the extent of ancient villages and towns, and find the approach through which a cultural landscape zoning can be applied. Second, define a cooperative function area to release the pressure on core areas and protect their authentic cultures by extending tourism space. Third, balance tourism development with traditional industries to enhance the sustainability of community economies.     

Conservation value of small reserves

The importance of large reserves has been long maintained in the scientific literature, often leading to dismissal of the conservation potential of small reserves. However, over half the global protected-area inventory is composed of protected areas that are <100 ha, and the median size of added protected area is decreasing. Studies of the conservation value of small reserves and fragments of natural area are relatively uncommon in the literature. We reviewed SCOPUS and WOK for studies on small reserve and fragment contributions to biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services, and fifty-eight taxon-specific studies were included in the review. Small reserves harbored substantial portions (upward of 50%) of regional species diversity for many taxa (birds, plants, amphibians, and small mammals) and even some endemic, specialist bird species. Unfortunately, small reserves and fragments almost always harbored more generalist and exotic species than large reserves. Community composition depended on habitat quality, surrounding land use (agricultural vs. urban), and reserve and fragment size, which presents opportunities for management and improvement. Small reserves also provided ecosystem services, such as pollination and biological pest control, and cultural services, such as recreation and improved human health. Limitations associated with small reserves, such as extinction debt and support of area-sensitive species, necessitate a complement of larger reserves. However, we argue that small reserves can make viable and significant contributions to conservation goals directly as habitat and indirectly by increasing landscape connectivity and quality to the benefit of large reserves. To effectively conserve biodiversity for future generations in landscapes fragmented by human development, small reserves and fragments must be included in conservation planning.