The Spatial Dimension of Landscape Sustainability

Sustainability indicators are mostly derived from parameters which are, in the spatial dimension, more or less distribution-free. In the majority of cases, the indicators are based on statistical data on production, consumption, pollutants emission, land use, etc. This statistical approach is liable to mask sustainability risks which are primarily caused by specific spatial and temporal patterns of landscape and land use structure, such as degradation of soil functions, disturbances in the landscape's water balance, and losses in functional habitat quality.Sustainability risks due to ecologically non-adapted spatial landuse patterns require measures on regional to local scales, based on disaggregated, spatially explicit indicators. Depending on the respective planning and decision level, different levels of spatial aggregation/disaggregation have to be considered.In the concept presented here, a differentiated approach is proposed. For an aggregated assessment of landscape sustainability, long term monitoring of the dynamics of water flow and matter load at the outlet point of river catchments is recommended. A prerequisite for analyzing those measurements in terms of the catchments' land cover and land use pattern, as well as changes thereof, is a Geographic Information System (GIS) holding relevant up-to-date geodata sets. For a spatially more detailed indication of sustainability risks, an approach of GIS-based functional landscape assessment was demonstrated in a regional case study.The results show GIS on regional to local scales together with satellite remote sensing data on land cover and landuse to be a powerful data basis for spatially explicit landscape evaluation, provided that suitable models for assessing specific landscape functions are applied.     

GIS As A Tool For Assessing The Influence Of Countryside Designations and Planning Policies On Landscape Change

The county of Bedfordshire is typical of landscape in lowland England with land cover dominant over land form and agriculture forming the major land use. Landscape change can be influenced by planning policies through their control of land use. A number of designated areas such as Areas of Great Landscape Value, Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty and Green Belt have been defined where particular planning priorities for the conservation of the countryside apply. This paper reports work where an attempt has been made to measure the influence of these designations on landscape change using the tools of aerial photograph interpretation and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Aerial photographs were available for the study area for 1968, 1981 and 1991. These were interpreted to a landscape classification scheme in terms of point, linear and area features such as trees, hedgerows and cultivated land, respectively. Field work was carried out to assess the accuracy of the interpretation. The resulting data were input to a GIS for each date of photography. Digital maps were created for the land cover features and tables were generated of lengths of linear features or counts of point features for each kilometre square in the study area. Spatial analysis tools provided by the GIS were used to describe the landscape character of each of the designated areas and then to measure the change that had taken place within them over the time period defined by the photography. Areas which were not designated for conservation of scenic beauty were shown to be poorer in traditional landscape features.     

再生水补给型城市景观水体中抗生素抗性基因的污染特征——以圆明园为例

由于抗生素抗性基因(Antibiotic Resistance Genes,ARGs)对环境和人类健康存在潜在威胁而逐渐受到人们的重视,高人口密度城市中典型景观水体是ARGs储存库和传播媒介.本研究采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,研究了圆明园不同点位的ARGs污染情况和分布特征.结果表明:园区中ARGs的绝对丰度范围在n.d.(未检出)～1.08×10~9copies·L~(-1)之间;园区进水口目标ARGs的丰度低于末端,表明封闭的水体可能为ARGs的积累提供了理想培养基.在所检测基因中,磺胺类ARGs占主导,ARGs的绝对丰度依次为:sulIIsulImefAtetQtetMermB.磺胺类ARGs与指示微生物粪大肠菌群和大肠杆菌间存在显著相关性,表明指示微生物在ARGs的传播中可能起着关键作用.     

干旱区县域景观格局变化轨迹识别——以宁夏盐池县为例

细致的景观格局时空刻画可以为格局与过程耦合机制分析奠定坚实的数据基础。以半干旱区县域景观格局变化轨迹识别为目标,基于Landsat影像构建了宁夏盐池县1988-2017年景观格局序列,识别景观组分、构型的演化轨迹。研究表明：（1）盐池县研究时段内植被整体增加,显著增加的景观占比为33.53%;裸土整体减少,显著减少的景观占比为35.78%。（2）四项景观构型指数显示,近年来盐池县景观斑块的边缘复杂程度有所加强,除植被的集聚程度不断增加外,其他景观类型的集聚程度相对稳定。（3）盐池县35.08%的像元发生变化,其中变化1次和2次的像元分别占比54.63%和28.60%,首末变化年份间隔为三年的像元占比12.39%。基于连续年份的半干旱区景观变化轨迹判定,可为生态恢复长期监测提供有力的方法支持。     

山区县域土地利用格局变化及其地形梯度效应——以井冈山市为例

地形是影响土地利用的重要地理因素,山区土地资源禀赋及其开发利用方式深受地形条件限制。以井冈山市为例,采用1995-2015年多期遥感数据,选取坡度、高程、地形位指数等多项因子,通过定性分析与定量评价相结合的方法,深入探讨地形对土地利用类型分布、土地利用动态变化,以及土地利用景观格局的作用机制。研究表明：井冈山市土地利用空间分布具有明显的地形梯度效应,林地、草地多分布在海拔>400 m、坡度>15°的山地和高丘陵区,耕地、水域、建设用地多分布在海拔<400 m、坡度<15°的平原和低丘陵区。研究期内,井冈山市土地利用动态变化主要表现为林地减少和建设用地增加,其中林地净减少992 km²,建设用地净增加352 km²,土地利用方式的改变主要发生在海拔<800 m、坡度<15°、人类活动密集的平原和低缓丘陵地区。土地利用景观格局亦受地形因素影响,在平原和低缓丘陵区,斑块密集分布,景观多样性指数、散布与并列指数、斑块密度及土地利用结构信息熵呈高值分布;而在高海拔、坡度大的山地丘陵区,优势斑块明显,最大斑块所占景观面积的比例以及蔓延度指数呈高值分布。优化山区土地资源配置,促进贫困山区减贫发展,应充分考虑地形因素的影响作用,遵循因地制宜、因势利导和优势开发原则,重视优化土地利用结构与布局,加快推进山区精准脱贫、绿色发展和乡村振兴。     

县域“三生空间”格局与功能演变特征及可能影响因素分析——以江西婺源县为例

基于“三生空间”理论,对婺源县国土空间按功能属性分为生产、生活和生态空间,采用景观格局指数分析婺源县“三生空间”的分布格局及其演变特征,并采用空间核密度估计方法分析“三生空间”功能转换面积的空间分异特征,以揭示全域旅游发展背景下县域“三生空间”的演变特征;同时采用冗余分析方法（RDA）对可能影响“三生空间”变化的社会经济因素进行分析,以期解析“三生空间”格局与功能演变的原因。结果显示:2002—2018年婺源县“三生空间”中生产空间与生态空间的平均斑块面积和聚集度逐渐减少,而生活空间的平均斑块和聚集度逐渐增大,说明不断增大的城镇规模和生活空间割裂了生产空间、生态空间的连续性,使生产空间、生态空间更加分散化、破碎化。从转入与转出的角度来看,生产空间和生态空间是生活空间面积变化的主要来源,生产空间中转为生活空间的占生活空间面积变化的56%,主要以耕地为主;生态空间转为生活空间的面积占生活空间转入面积的44%,且以林地或草地为主。婺源县“三生空间”中生活空间面积呈明显的增加趋势,生态空间面积呈缓慢的增加趋势,生产空间面积则呈显著的下降趋势。这一演变格局与社会经济发展有一定关系,其中旅游经济发展带来的住宿与餐饮业收入对生态空间格局与功能演变的相关关系最为显著,说明旅游经济在加速婺源县城镇化的同时改善了生态环境。     

景观规划导向的绿色基础设施研究进展——基于“格局—过程—服务—可持续性”研究范式

中国目前处于新型城镇化与生态文明建设的重要时期,引入绿色基础设施（Green Infrastructure,GI）规划框架对协调城市发展与生态保护具有重要意义。基于景观生态学中“格局—过程—服务—可持续性”研究范式,对近年来中国内外GI规划进行针对性综述,利用该范式对相关研究的理论来源与进展进行梳理。研究表明：GI格局研究中,景观格局指数是应用最为广泛的方法。针对于景观连接度,形态学空间格局分析等结构连接度评价方法具有计算简单、适用性广的优势,但缺乏明确的生态学含义;图论等功能连接度则针对特定的生态过程,是GI格局与生态过程的重要联系,将是下一步研究重点。GI生态过程研究借鉴生态网络的理论与方法,其规划步骤可分为核心区选取、阻力面构建、潜在廊道识别三部分。GI生态系统服务研究中,生物物理量模型与经济计量模型广泛应用于调节、供给与支持服务评价中,而文化服务评价则将问卷调查作为基础数据获取的重要途径。另外,生态系统服务需求研究涉及到生态系统服务的实际需求与使用偏好,相关定量评价方法以及成果的实际应用有待进一步探索。GI景观可持续性研究中,在明晰GI提供的生态系统服务总量的基础上,服务间权衡与协同效应已成为GI规划中的重要考量,而情景规划可以有效模拟GI生态系统服务的动态变化。最后,GI规划应将提升景观可持续性作为规划目标,据此研究提出了重视格局与过程相互影响机制的基础研究、加深GI生态系统服务需求端研究、明晰生态系统服务间协同与权衡效应、将GI与实际规划结合四项研究展望。     

种养废弃物协同污染控制现状及发展对策建议

由于秸秆、粪污污染重,严重制约了我国种植业和养殖业的发展,成为流域污染治理的重要难题.区域内种植业和养殖业平衡发展、废弃物协同消纳循环,能有效削减农业面源污染,提升农业生态环境质量.本文基于文献计量学方法筛选美国、荷兰、丹麦等优势国家,在此基础上开展种养平衡综述研究,借鉴欧美发达国家经验,指出我国种养平衡缺乏统筹规划、区域适宜的法律法规和标准不完善、种养废弃物污染防控与高质利用衔接不足等瓶颈问题,并提出顶层设计流域内种植与养殖污染协同控制体系、科学计算种植养殖比例和规模、构建基于大数据的种养废弃物绿色循环市场化应用体系等对策建议,以期为我国种养循环模式的发展提供借鉴意义.     

长江三角洲地区城市建筑三维形态对地表热环境的影响

以长江三角洲城市群为例,利用2016~2018年夏季Landsat 8影像数据和三维建筑数据,提取地表温度（LST）并计算三维景观指数,分别在200m、400m、600m、800m、1000m、1200m六个基准空间尺度上,利用空间回归模型探索建筑物三维形态对LST的影响.结果表明：所有城市的内部城区热环境较差,超过50%区域为高温区和次高温区;建筑物三维形态对LST的影响存在尺度效应,随着研究尺度的增大,影响力逐渐减弱,在研究的六个基准尺度中,200m是所有城市的研究适宜尺度;对LST影响最大的指数分别是建筑结构指数（BSI）、建筑平均体积（AV）和分布均匀度（BEI）,其中BSI、BEI与LST正相关,除上海、苏州和台州,AV也和LST正相关,表明瘦高、体积小、分布均匀的建筑物有助于降低城市LST,改善城市热环境.     

Horizontal and vertical gene transfer drive sediment antibiotic resistome in an urban lagoon system

Rapid urbanization has resulted in pervasive occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in urban aquatic ecosystems. However, limited information is available concerning the ARG profiles and the forces responsible for their assembly in urban landscape lagoon systems. Here, we employed high-throughput quantitative PCR (HT-qPCR) to characterize the spatial variations of ARGs in surface and core sediments of Yundang Lagoon, China. The results indicated that the average richness and absolute abundance of ARGs were 11 and 53 times higher in the lagoon sediments as compared to pristine reference Tibetan lake sediments, highlighting the role of anthropogenic activities in ARG pollution. Co-occurrence network analysis indicated that various anaerobic prokaryotic genera belonging to Alpha-, Deltaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Euryarchaeota, Firmicutes and Synergistetes were the potential hosts of ARGs. The partial least squares-path modeling (PLS-PM) analysis revealed positive and negative indirect effects of physicochemical factors and heavy metals on the lagoon ARG profiles, via biotic factors, respectively. The horizontal (mediated by mobile genetic elements) and vertical (mediated by prokaryotic communities) gene transfer may directly contribute the most to drive the abundance and composition of ARGs, respectively. Furthermore, the neutral community model demonstrated that the assembly of sediment ARG communities was jointly governed by deterministic and stochastic processes. Overall, this study provides novel insights into the diversity and distribution of ARGs in the benthic habitat of urban lagoon systems and underlying mechanisms for the spread and proliferation of ARGs.