南岳古镇景观基因的居民感知特征及影响因素

以南岳古镇为研究对象,在识别景观基因的基础上,从建筑特征、形态布局和参考环境三个尺度,物质形态、功能作用和文化意义三个维度,以及颜色、形状、范围和建造年代四个形态要素等角度进行了问卷和访谈调查.结果发现,南岳大庙、环境尺度、物质形态和形状因素感知度最高,方形布局、布局尺度、物质形态和文化意义感知度最低;年龄、职业、教育程度、居住时间是影响古镇景观基因居民感知的因素,性别只在景观基因尺度有影响.     

贵州省旱地土壤和玉米As含量特征及其种植安全性评估

为了解贵州省旱地土壤和玉米籽粒As含量分布特征,并评估其玉米种植的安全性,采集自然土壤样品468个,旱地表层土壤样品1260个,相应玉米籽粒样品980个,测定其As含量和土壤基本理化性质,运用单因子污染指数法对样品污染程度进行评价.结果表明:①旱地土壤ω(As)范围为0.35~758.53 mg·kg^-1,几何平均值为23.28 mg·kg^-1,经独立样本T检验,贵州省旱地土壤的ω(As)显著高于自然土壤的21.29 mg·kg^-1(P<0.05),表明旱地土壤存在As累积效应;与《农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》(GB 15618-2018)筛选值相比,土壤样品超标率为33.81%.②玉米籽粒ω(As)范围为0.001~0.868 mg·kg^-1,几何平均值为0.064 mg·kg^-1,0.61%的玉米籽粒样品超过《食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762-2017)的限值,超标点位分布于毕节市、黔西南州和铜仁市.③将玉米籽粒作为饲料和粮食使用时,贵州省旱地土壤均可以安全种植玉米.研究表明贵州省旱地土壤As污染较严重,整体上可实现玉米安全种植,但涉As有色金属矿区周边种植玉米需要加以关注.     

城市边缘区乡村景观生态特征与景观生态建设探讨

城市边缘区是城市和乡村的交错结合带，是城市发展与资源环境保护之间矛盾冲突的区域．科学地规划好该区域的生态环境建设对城市和乡村和谐发展具有十分重要的现实意义。首先论述了城市边缘区乡村景观生态特征；分析了该区域乡村景观功能的科学定位问题．探讨了乡村景观生态建设的基本原则。在此基础上，作者提出了城市边缘区应重点开展以下几方面景观生态建设：①以景观生态规划与设计的理念推进城市边缘区乡村景观建设。并注重地方特色景观的保护；②积极探索城乡一体化协调发展与建设的合理模式，实现城市和乡村优势互补、协调发展；③改变传统的农业耕作模式，推动城郊型生态农业、观光农业和现代都市农业建设；④合理开发城市边缘区景观生态资源。发展城郊生态旅游；⑤绿色景观建设；⑥景观廊道和网络建设。     

基于景观格局演变的城市湿地景观生态规划途径

 综述城市湿地景观格局演变研究和城市湿地景观生态规划研究进展,认为城市湿地对城市可持续发展有重要意义,必须对其进行具有前瞻性的景观生态规划。分析景观过程和景观格局相互关系,结合目前城市湿地景观生态规划多流于现状的局限,提出基于景观格局演变的城市湿地景观生态规划途径,将城市湿地景观格局演变研究和城市湿地景观生态规划研究结合起来,使城市湿地景观生态规划包含时、空二维信息。该途径提出的目的是使城市湿地景观生态规划更具前瞻性,对城市可持续发展起到更大作用,并对构建城市湿地景观生态规划研究理论框架有积极意义。     

三种含钙物质对土壤砷植物有效性的影响

综述含钙物质（生石灰（CaO）、熟石灰（Ca （OH）₂）及石灰石（CaCO₃））对土壤理化性质（pH值、有机质成分及其含量）、土壤微生物群落结构和As赋存形态及生物有效性的影响与机制,及其对植物As吸收积累和As耐性的影响与机制.综述内容可为准确理解含钙物质影响土壤As的生物有效性和植物对As吸收积累的过程机制,进而合理选择含钙物质调控土壤理化性质降低土壤As生物有效性及其生态环境风险提供理论依据和技术参考,对保障土壤种植安全和作物食品安全具有一定现实意义.     

Reducing ammonia gas from chicken manure with lime and soybean plants

This research is aimed at addressing the complaints of local people living near chicken farms who are disturbed by odors caused by livestock activities, and specifically, by the generation of ammonia gas from chicken manure. Methods that are expected to reduce the intensity of ammonia gas odors include both scattering lime on the surface of the soil and planting soybeans around the cages. The results obtained showed a reduction in the levels of ammonia gas by 57.48%–from 1.67 parts per million (ppm) near an untreated cage to 0.71 ppm near the cage that achieved the best results. The study found that spreading lime evenly over the chicken manure was the most effective method that farmers could use to reduce ammonia odors. The sample area treated by the addition of soybean plants showed a reduction in the levels of ammonia gas from 1.67 to 0.78 ppm.     

Frog occupancy of polluted wetlands in urban landscapes

Urban sprawl and the rising popularity of water-sensitive urban design of urban landscapes has led to a global surge in the number of wetlands constructed to collect and treat stormwater runoff in cities. However, contaminants, such as heavy metals and pesticides, in stormwater adversely affect the survival, growth, and reproduction of animals inhabiting these wetlands. A key question is whether wildlife can identify and avoid highly polluted wetlands. We investigated whether pond-breeding frogs are attempting to breed in wetlands that affect the fitness of their offspring across 67 urban wetlands in Melbourne, Australia. Frog species richness and the concentration of contaminants (heavy metals and pesticides) were not significantly related, even in the most polluted wetlands. The proportion of fringing vegetation at a wetland had the greatest positive influence on the number of frog species present and the probability of occurrence of individual species, indicating that frogs inhabited wetlands with abundant vegetation, regardless of their pollution status. These wetlands contained contaminant levels similar to urban wetlands around the world at levels that reduce larval amphibian survival. These results are, thus, likely generalizable to other areas, suggesting that urban managers could inadvertently be creating ecological traps in countless cities. Wetlands are important tools for the management of urban stormwater runoff, but their construction should not facilitate declines in wetland-dependent urban wildlife.     

Obstruction of biodiversity conservation by minimum patch size criteria

Minimum patch size criteria for habitat protection reflect the conservation principle that a single large (SL) patch of habitat has higher biodiversity than several small (SS) patches of the same total area (SL > SS). Nonetheless, this principle is often incorrect, and biodiversity conservation requires placing more emphasis on protection of large numbers of small patches (SS > SL). We used a global database reporting the abundances of species across hundreds of patches to assess the SL > SS principle in systems where small patches are much smaller than the typical minimum patch size criteria applied for biodiversity conservation (i.e., ∼85% of patches <100 ha). The 76 metacommunities we examined included 4401 species in 1190 patches. From each metacommunity, we resampled species–area accumulation curves to evaluate how biodiversity responded to habitat existing as a few large patches or as many small patches. Counter to the SL > SS principle and consistent with previous syntheses, species richness accumulated more rapidly when adding several small patches (45.2% SS > SL vs. 19.9% SL > SS) to reach the same cumulative area, even for the very small patches in our data set. Responses of taxa to habitat fragmentation differed, which suggests that when a given total area of habitat is to be protected, overall biodiversity conservation will be most effective if that habitat is composed of as many small patches as possible, plus a few large ones. Because minimum patch size criteria often require larger patches than the small patches we examined, our results suggest that such criteria hinder efforts to protect biodiversity.     

成灌铁路声屏障景观设计探讨

随着高速铁路迅猛发展,铁路噪声控制措施的景观性要求越来越高;本文通过成灌铁路声屏障设计,探讨以景观设计的理念设计满足功能要求的降噪措施,将人文景观、生态环境、工程特征融为一体。     

Distribution of a Community of Mammals in Relation to Roads and Other Human Disturbances in Gabon,Central Africa

We present the first community‐level study of the associations of both roads and other human disturbances with the distribution of mammals in Gabon (central Africa). Our study site was in an oil concession within a littoral mosaic landscape. We conducted surveys along 199 line transects and installed camera traps on 99 of these transects to document mammal presence and abundance. We used generalized linear mixed‐effect models to document associations between variables related to the ecosystem (land cover, topography, and hydrology), roads (coating, width of rights of way, condition, type of vehicle used on the road, traffic level, affiliation of users, and general type of road), and other human disturbances (urbanization, agriculture, hunting, logging, gathering, and industrial activities) and the abundance or presence of 17 species or groups of mammals including elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis), buffalo (Syncerus caffer), sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekei), red river hog (Potamochoerus porcus), smaller ungulates, gorilla (Gorilla gorilla), chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), side‐striped jackal (Canis adustus), carnivores, monkeys, and large rodents. Some types of roads and other human disturbances were negatively associated with the abundance or presence of elephants, buffalos, gorillas, sitatungas, some monkeys, and duikers. The pattern of associations of mammals with roads and other human disturbances was diverse and included positive associations with road presence (red river hog, some monkeys, and duikers), agriculture (sitatunga, small carnivores, and large rodents) and industrial activities (sitatunga, red river hog, red duikers, and side‐striped jackal). Our results suggest that the community of mammals we studied was mostly affected by hunting, agriculture, and urbanization, which are facilitated by road presence. We recommend increased regulation of agriculture, hunting, and road building in the area. Distribución de una Comunidad de Mamíferos en Relación a Carreteras y Otras Perturbaciones Humanas en Gabón, Africa Central