武汉市湿地破碎化对生态系统服务价值的影响研究

以湖泊资源丰富的武汉市为例,通过景观格局指数测定该市湿地破碎化程度,借助GIS技术评估该市湿地生态系统服务价值,并探讨了城市湿地破碎化对生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明:①2000—2015年武汉市湿地总体破碎化趋势有所缓和,但人工湿地相较于自然湿地破碎化程度要高,特别是2010—2015年湿地总面积下降了2.80%,而斑块密度上升了4.12%,湖泊破碎化程度较高。②2000—2015年,武汉市湿地ESV增长了323.27亿元,各类型湿地的生态系统服务价值表现为湖泊>水库坑塘>河流>沼泽。③湿地景观破碎化与部分调节性、支持性和文化性服务功能存在着显著相关关系。     

Determining the drivers of population structure in a highly urbanized landscape to inform conservation planning

Understanding the environmental contributors to population structure is of paramount importance for conservation in urbanized environments. We used spatially explicit models to determine genetic population structure under current and future environmental conditions across a highly fragmented, human‐dominated environment in Southern California to assess the effects of natural ecological variation and urbanization. We focused on 7 common species with diverse habitat requirements, home‐range sizes, and dispersal abilities. We quantified the relative roles of potential barriers, including natural environmental characteristics and an anthropogenic barrier created by a major highway, in shaping genetic variation. The ability to predict genetic variation in our models differed among species: 11–81% of intraspecific genetic variation was explained by environmental variables. Although an anthropogenically induced barrier (a major highway) severely restricted gene flow and movement at broad scales for some species, genetic variation seemed to be primarily driven by natural environmental heterogeneity at a local level. Our results show how assessing environmentally associated variation for multiple species under current and future climate conditions can help identify priority regions for maximizing population persistence under environmental change in urbanized regions.     

The importance of Indigenous Peoples’ lands for the conservation of terrestrial mammals

Indigenous Peoples’ lands cover over one-quarter of Earth's surface, a significant proportion of which is still free from industrial-level human impacts. As a result, Indigenous Peoples and their lands are crucial for the long-term persistence of Earth's biodiversity and ecosystem services. Yet, information on species composition on these lands globally remains largely unknown. We conducted the first comprehensive analysis of terrestrial mammal composition across mapped Indigenous lands based on data on area of habitat (AOH) for 4460 mammal species assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. We overlaid each species’ AOH on a current map of Indigenous lands and found that 2695 species (60% of assessed mammals) had ≥10% of their ranges on Indigenous Peoples’ lands and 1009 species (23%) had >50% of their ranges on these lands. For threatened species, 473 (47%) occurred on Indigenous lands with 26% having >50% of their habitat on these lands. We also found that 935 mammal species (131 categorized as threatened) had ≥ 10% of their range on Indigenous Peoples’ lands that had low human pressure. Our results show how important Indigenous Peoples’ lands are to the successful implementation of conservation and sustainable development agendas worldwide.     

石河子市城市绿地景观空间结构分析

利用ArcGIS9提取石河子市遥感影像上的城市绿地景观信息并进行分类,通过6个主要景观评价指数对绿地景观斑块的空间分布、景观构成和景观格局进行定量计算、分析和综合评价。结果表明,石河子市绿地景观规模差异较大,结构单一,破碎度小,形状简单,景观类型比较丰富但分布不均匀,道路绿地和防护绿地呈优势分布。     

吴江市土地利用变化及其生态效应

利用1993、2000和2004年吴江市的遥感影像,在GIS和RS支持下,通过构建土地利用转移矩阵对土地利用变化进行分析,并对其产生的生态效应进行研究。结果表明,吴江市的耕地基底向建设用地基底转化,生态系统结构的多样性和均匀度降低,景观整体形状趋于规则;生态系统功能退化,耕地的减少以及建设用地面积的增加是导致总价值减少的主导力量,而水域生态服务价值的增加是阻止其显著减少的原因;水源涵养和废物处理功能贡献度最大,超过总价值的50%;汾湖镇所占生态服务价值比重最高,分别为24.2%、25.21%2、5.13%,桃源镇所占比重最低。     

Considerations about the land use and conversion trends in the savanna environments of Central Brazil under a geomorphological perspective

Assuming that the landscape physiographic characteristics strongly determine the occurrence of land use and land cover types, this study assessed the distribution patterns of natural and converted classes in relation to the major geomorphological units and slope ranges in the central area of continuous savanna formations in Brazil (Cerrado biome), the country’s most important region for cattle ranching and intensive commodity crops. Our results showed that 93% of the agriculture activities are concentrated at slopes of less than 5°, mostly associated to old regional planation surfaces (RPSs). Considering the amount of remnant vegetation and the occupation and land use deterministic trends, we estimated that between 58,041 km² and 79,677 km² of conversions may occur in the near future. If the priority areas for biodiversity conservation are properly enforced and effectively incorporated into the system of fully protected areas and areas of sustainable use, a decrease of approximately 24% in the expected potential deforestation could be achieved.     

中国耕地利用投入的时空差异

耕地投入量在不同农作物间配置格局转变的信息对于国家制定粮食安全政策非常重要。论文在将农作物划分为谷物作物、豆类作物、油料作物、纤维作物、糖料作物和蔬菜作物的基础上,测算了我国耕地利用投入,并进一步分析了耕地利用投入及其内部构成的时空差异。结果表明:①我国耕地利用投入从1998年的27.67×10¹⁰元增加到2011年的38.15×10¹⁰元,1999年起蔬菜作物投入超过谷物作物,我国耕地利用的投入格局已从谷物作物转向蔬菜作物;②耕地利用高投入的省份集中在黄淮海平原,低投入的省份主要分布在西北地区,耕地利用投入增长集中于北方和西南省份;③我国粮食主产省份的谷物作物投入比例大,东部沿海地区的蔬菜作物投入比例大;④种植集约度上升对经济较发达省份的谷物和蔬菜作物投入增长具有明显的推动作用,而大多数西部省份的谷物和蔬菜作物投入增长的主要原因为播种面积增加。     

Changes in wetland landscape patterns on Yinchuan Plain,China

Wetlands, with their many values and important functions, are precious resources. They have, however, undergone great changes during economic development and population growth. Relying on recent advances in remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques, this paper probes changes in wetland landscapes on Yinchuan Plain during 1978–2006. A series of remote sensing images was used to identify wetland landscape types. Landscape pattern indices, such as patch number, patch density, landscape shape, and Shannon's diversity, evenness, and contagion indices were calculated with GIS and landscape analysis software. Changes in wetland landscape patterns on Yinchuan Plain were analyzed. The analysis show that the total area of wetlands on Yinchuan Plain decreased from 391,540,239 m² in 1978 to 267,979,957 m² in 2006, a significant change over 28 years. The area of rivers and lakes has shrunk, and the area of paddies has increased consistently, with increasing wetland fragmentation and heterogeneity. The number of patches, patch density, and landscape shape index shows that wetland landscape patterns have undergone great changes. The landscape diversity, landscape evenness, and contagion indices indicate that wetland landscapes have become less heterogeneous. We discuss the causes of these changes and the sustainable development of wetland ecosystems.     

Multi-temporal land use and cover changing analysis: the environmental impact in Mediterranean area

ABSTRACT

Human activity shapes the levels of anthropogenic pressure that depend on the land management method adopted. This has a fundamental role in the transformation of traditional landscapes. This study focuses on a representative region of the Mediterranean area with the objective to analyse the landscape’s dynamics, to detect the spatial arrangement of class patches, to identify the main agroecosystem characters and to provide a framework to assess ecosystems services. In order to assess land use/land cover changes and landscape persistence, the period between 1960 and 2012 was analysed, taking into consideration the years 1960, 2000 and 2012 using comparable land use maps. Land use and land cover analysis show an urban area growth of 24% during 2000–2012 and of 523% over between 1960 and 2012. The very high levels of land abandonment up to the year 2000 (+7216%) have reversed their trend between 2000 and 2012 (?95%). The orchards showed a relevant increase, particularly after 2000, while the vineyards were linked to the highest value of surface erosion (?74%). The outcomes showed that urban settlements can damage the ecological network with negative effects on the landscape’s environmental sustainability in proximity of significant urban centres. Instead, the ecological network is well preserved and highly associated to the agricultural areas when there is the persistence of many land uses and low urban density, despite the presence of dynamic changes.     

金莲木（Ochna integerrima（Lour．）Merr．）的生态生物学特征及其播种繁殖技术

金莲小（Ochnaintegerrima（Lour．）Merr．）足金莲术科落叫淞小或小乔小,址潜在的优良Ⅲ林绿化树种．文章从其形态解削特,其光合生理生态特征及播种繁殖技术方面进行了系统的研究。结果表明：金莲小为rft性偏阳性树种,光合速率LI进秤星单峰曲线,尤午休现象;其光饱和点（LSP）和I光补偿点（LCP）分别在800μmol·m^-2.s^-1及52．2μmol·m^-2．s^-1左右、在高于光饱和点的光强下,其叶片的光合速率并未出现叫娃下降趋势,州时还维持了较i舟的蒸腾速率,、金莲小叶绿素荧光参数显水其具有较高的能精利用效率,叶绿素a／b比值（5．677：1）略高于理论价（3：1）,表明它能有效吸收比能许传到光反应叭tl山。播种前金莲小种子宵进行浸泡处理,浸泡24h处理后足发芽率高日．发芽较早,播种住泷炭土中的种f较沙土中的种子发芽要甘H荫发周期短,但往沙土中播种的种子最终的发芽率耍相对较高。、㈧此,金莲l术适合生长存水热充沛、土壤十}1对JJ巴沃的热带亚热带地区,栽培时要尽量选择十层肥沃的壤土或砂质壤土。金莲术（Ochnaintegerrima（Lout．）Merr．）是金莲术科落叶灌本或小乔木,是潜在的优良冈林绿化树种。文章从其形态解剖特征、光合生理生态特征及播种繁殖技术方面进行了系统的研究。结果表明：金莲木为中性偏阳性树种,光合速率日进程呈单峰曲线,无午休现象;其光饱和点（LSP）和光补偿点（LCP）分别在800μmol·m^-2．s^-1及52．2μmol·m^-2．s^-1左右。在高于光饱和点的光强下,其叶片的光合速率并未出现明显下降趋势,同时还维持了较高的蒸腾速率。金莲术叶绿素荧光参数显示其具有较高的能量利用效率,叶绿素a／b比值（5．677：1）略高于理论值（3：1）,表明它能有效吸收光能并传到光反应中心。播种前金莲木种子宜进行浸泡处理,浸泡24h处理后其发芽率高且发芽较早,播种在泥炭土中的种子较沙土中的种子发芽要早且萌发周期短,但在沙土中播种的种子最终的发芽率要相对较高。因此,金莲木适合生长在水热充沛、土壤相对肥沃的热带亚热带地区,栽培时要尽量选择土层肥沃的壤土或砂质壤土。