"风水学"思想精华对现代景观规划理论的启示

本文着重在“风水学”思想哲学层次上探讨了其对现代景观规划理论的启示;指出了两者的共同内核一“天人合一”和基本思想一整体的协调,并在此过程中对两者的理论基础进行了再认识。     

GIS支持下的岷江上游流域景观格局分析

在GIS技术支持下,利用2000年遥感资料,在土地利用分类基础上编制景观类型图;运用生态学与景观生态学的基本原理,选取景观斑块数、变异系数、分维数、分离度、破碎度等反映景观空间格局的指数,从景观斑块特征、景观形状、景观异质性以及景观的空间分布等方面对岷江上游流域的景观格局进行了分析。结果表明：①草地与林地构成了研究区景观的主体,二者面积占研究区总面积的95.12%,草地因其面积最大而成为整个景观的基质;②研究区幅员辽阔,以藏、羌族为主的少数民族居民喜好聚居等特点,使得耕地、城乡居住建设用地出现小聚居、大散居格局,其分离度与破碎度均较大;③因研究区海拔高差大,整个景观格局呈现出明显的垂直分布特征,从山谷到山顶依次按照城乡居住建设用地—耕地—林地—草地—水域—未利用地的顺序分布。     

景观生态学在非污染生态影响评价中的应用--以托口水电工程为例

景观生态学用于非污染生态影响评价是《非污染环境影响评价技术导则》中推荐的方法。它通过空间结构和功能与稳定性相匹配的分析,能较准确反映建设项目对宏观生态体系完整性的影响程度。本文以湖南沅江托口水电站为例探讨了如何应用景观生态学评价项目建设对生态环境的影响,并提出了一些问题,以期该方法在以后的应用中能够更加完善。     

密云水库上游流域非点源氮流失特征研究

利用密云水库上游流域2001年、2004年地表水质监测数据,从流域土地利用和景观格局特征出发,分析了非点源氮流失的时空差异以及影响因素。结果表明:雨季中水体中氮污染物的浓度明显高于雨季后的浓度,硝态氮(NO3--N)是是氮在地表水环境的主要存在形式,而且与总氮(TN)呈很好的线性关系;村庄、农地等人类活动比较剧烈的流域,氮的季节变异较大;而在有稳定水源或径流季节变异较小的流域,氮的季节变异较小;不同的景观分布格局也对氮的流失产生影响,源景观更靠近监测点氮污染物浓度要高于汇景观更靠近监测点的氮污染物浓度;在坡度较大的东北和西北地区,(TN)和(NO3--N)的浓度要明显大于坡度较小的库北地区。     

Cultivars and oil extraction techniques affect Cd/Pb contents and health risks in oil of rapeseed grown on Cd/Pb-contaminated farmland

● Organic solvent extracted fewer Cd/Pb in rapeseed oil than physical pressing. ● Brassica rapa transferred fewer Cd and Pb from seed to oil than Brassica napus . ● Carcinogenic risk mainly from Cd and worth more concern than noncarcinogenic risk. ● Organic solvent specially SLB pose less heath risk for oil than physical pressing. ● Rapeseed oil posed higher carcinogenic risk for rural residents than urban. Substitute planting with rapeseed offers promise for safely using large areas of Cd/Pb-contaminated farmland. Cd/Pb distributions during rapeseed oil production were investigated and health risks posed by the oil were assessed. Tests were performed using three cultivars (Brassica rapa SYH and ZS100 and Brassica napus QY-1) and four oil extraction techniques (mechanical and low-temperature pressing and n-hexane and subcritical low-temperature butane extraction). The amounts of Cd and Pb in oil were 0.73%–8.44% and 3.14%–11.76%, respectively, of the amounts in rapeseed and were strongly affected by the cultivar and oil extraction technique. The heavy metal (HM) concentrations were lower in solvent-extracted oil (particularly subcritical low-temperature butane extracted oil, in which HMs were not detected) than mechanically pressed oil. The Cd and Pb transfer indices were lower (meaning larger proportions of HMs were retained by the rapeseed meal) for B. rapa than B. napus. This was attributed to a high HM binding protein content of B. rapa seed. Health risks to humans were assessed using a probabilistic risk assessment model. The carcinogenic risk was mainly (97.1%–99.9%) caused by Cd and poses more concern than non-carcinogenic risk. Stronger health risks are posed by mechanically pressed than solvent-extracted oil, and higher carcinogenic risks are posed to people living in rural areas than urban areas. Substitute planting with B. rapa and extracting oil with organic solvent (preferably subcritical low-temperature butane) are optimal for safely utilizing Cd/Pb-contaminated soil. Attention should be paid to the health risks posed by Cd in oil to rural populations.     

Land-Cover Changes and Its Impacts on Ecological Variables in the Headwaters Area of the Yangtze River, China

Land cover changes affect ecological landscape spatial pattern, and evolving landscape patterns inevitably cause an evolution in ecosystem functionality. Various ecological landscape variables, such as biological productivity (plant biomass and stock capacity), soil nutrients (organic matter and N content) and water source conservation capacity are identified as landscape function characteristics. A quantitative method and digital model for analyzing evolving landscape functionality in the headwaters areas of the Yangtze River, China were devised. In the period 1986–2000, patch transitions of the region's evolving landscapes have been predominantly characterized by alpine cold swamp meadow, with the highest coverage tending to be steppified meadow or steppe, and desertification landscape such as sand and bare rock land expansion. As the result of such changes, alpine swamp areas decreased by 3.08 × 10³ km² and the alpine cold sparse steppe and bare rock and soil land increased by 6.48 × 10³ km² and 5.82 × 10³ km², respectively. Consequently, the grass biomass production decreased by 2627.15 Gg, of which alpine cold swamp meadows accounted for 55.9% of this loss. The overall stock capacity of the headwaters area of the Yangtze River decreased by 920.64 thousand sheep units, of which 502.02 thousand sheep units decreased in ACS (Alpine cold swamp) meadow transition. Soil organic matter and N contents decreased significantly in most alpine cold meadow and swamp meadow landscape patches. From 1986 to 2000 the total losses of soil organic matter and total N in the entire headwaters region amounted to 150.2 Gkg and 7.67 Gkg. Meanwhile, the landscape soil water capacity declined by 935.9 Mm³, of which 83.9% occurred in the ACS meadow transition. In the headwater area of the Yangtze River, the complex transition of landscape resulted in sharp eco-environmental deterioration. The main indication for these changes involved the intensity of the climate in this region is becoming drier and warmer, resulting in a gradual degradation of the permafrost.     

山-水-林-田-湖-草-海-城修复模式的实践应用 ——威海华夏城采石场生态修复及其效益评价

山-水-林-田-湖-草系统保护与修复强调生态系统整体性、系统性和稳定性,生态系统的健康稳定有利于生态系统服务功能的全面优化提升,对确保生态环境安全和社会经济健康协调发展至关重要.山东威海华夏城受大规模开山采石活动影响,区域生态环境遭到破坏,居民生产生活受到严重干扰,经过10余年生态修复,华夏城实现了生态效益与社会经济效...     

苏州沿江生态城市群建设与景观生态整合

基于苏州沿江生态城市群建设的背景和景观生态条件分析,提出了建设有江南特色的苏州沿江景观生态格局的思路,即通过以水为核心,以"一江十道、五线、廿环"生态廊道和九大斑块为主的建设,构筑以农山郊野为背景的多等级网络式的沿江景观生态格局,从而整合区域生态景观,推动苏州沿江生态城市群建设。     

雨水径流对景观水体中多环芳烃污染特征的影响

以北京市长河湾流域某排污口附近景观水体为研究对象,通过对水体中PAHs的连续检测,研究了雨水径流对景观水体中PAHs污染特征的影响,以期为景观水体中PAHs的控制和管理提供科学依据.结果表明,长河湾景观水体中∑16PAHs在降雨时的浓度变化与降雨强度及降雨量有关,长河湾水体中溶解态PAHs组分以3环和4环为主,2环组分所占的比例最少.水体底部沉积物中PAHs含量明显高于岸边,沉积物中∑16PAHs含量约为229.2μg.kg-1,岸边土壤中∑16PAHs含量约为185.6μg.kg-1,低于国内外一些水域沉积物中PAHs污染浓度.     

城市居住区景观绿化格局改善热环境变化的遥感监测分析

以上海中心区域同地段的独立小区为研究对象,利用遥感技术对影响居住区内热环境改善方面的几个主要关键因子（居住区面积、建筑容积率、绿化覆盖率、乔木配置和斑块破碎率）进行了分析模拟,以期为解决居住区热环境状况,提供准确、有效的科学数据。结果表明,在区域平均气温达35℃时,居住区绿化覆盖率每增加10%,可降温0.15℃;居住区乔木面积比每增加10%,可降温0.17℃;居住区平均斑块面积每增加100 m2,可降温0.1℃。总体上,居住区的热岛效应随着绿化率、乔木比例和平均斑块面积的增加而降低,居住区温度与着绿化率、乔木比例和平均斑块面积之间存在显著的负相关,通过这3个指标拟合建立的居住区＂热环境指数＂,可以为航片拍摄获取每个居住区的热环境状况而成为可能。