常压等离子体射流去除水中糖皮质激素污染物

搭建射流介质阻挡放电反应器,对常压等离子体射流技术降解水中代表性糖皮质激素氢化可的松（HC）进行了研究.考察了放电功率、空气流量、溶液初始pH值、放电时间等因素对HC降解效果的影响.结果表明,HC的去除率随放电功率增大和放电时间延长而增加;溶液初始pH值、通入空气流量等因素对HC处理效果也有很大影响.在初始浓度为0.138mmol/L,放电功率为49.7W,气流量为4L/min的实验条件下,在本反应器中放电处理120min后HC的去除率可达98%.本文使用了不同自由基抑制剂研究了活性氧自由基（ROS）在HC降解过程中的作用,并通过发射光谱（OES）观测了放电过程中产生的自由基种类.研究结果对常压等离子技术去除有机污染物的发展有一定的参考价值.     

平板陶瓷膜深度处理石化废水试验研究

采用平板陶瓷膜中试装置处理石化废水,分析了处理效果与膜污染情况,获得了平板陶瓷膜稳定运行条件下的工艺参数。结果表明:在COD为50~100 mg/L、浊度为2~11 NTU的进水条件下,平板陶瓷膜出水COD与浊度分别为20~42 mg/L和0.05~0.2 NTU,与双层过滤器+中空纤维超滤工艺出水水质较为接近;在运行通量40 L/(m 2·h)、反洗周期45 min、反洗时间60 s的条件下,采用浓度为100~150 mg/L的次氯酸钠每7小时进行1次化学清洗,平板陶瓷膜系统运行较为稳定。     

嗜热膜生物反应器烟气同时脱硝脱汞研究

采用嗜热膜生物反应器(TMBR)同时处理含NO和Hg0的烟气,结果发现,该反应器可实现100 d的长期稳定运行,NO和Hg0去除效率分别可达87.9%、82.4%.适宜运行条件为:喷淋量为60 m L·min~(-1),p H为6.5~8.0,气体停留时间GRT为9.3 s,COD/TN为2~4.同时,采用16S r DNA分析了TMBR微生物群落.结果表明,在属类别上优势菌种是Ureibacillus和Pseudoxanthomonas.Pseudoxanthomonas、Hydrogenophaga、Thauera、Bacillus、Paracoccus、Comamonas、Pseudomonas、Nitrosovibrio、Ochrobactrum属于脱硝类菌属;Pseudomonas和Halomonas与Hg2+转化有关.Pseudomonas同时具有反硝化和还原汞化合物能力.     

铜纳米线导电微滤膜的制备、性质表征及应用

将适量铜纳米线（Cu-NWs）添加到常规聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）铸膜液中,通过相转化法制备Cu-NWs导电微滤膜,表征其过滤及导电性能,并将其置于膜生物反应器（MBR）中长期运行,研究其污染物去除效果及膜污染行为,可为污水处理MBR系统的低成本稳定运行提供新途径.结果表明,添加适量基于铸膜液质量的Cu-NWs,所得微滤膜的膜通量为721.9L/（m²·h）,膜面接触角为57.9°,同时,其起始电势、欧姆内阻及活化内阻分别为315.0mV、2.4Ω和6.9 Ω,均优于商用PVDF微滤膜.扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察发现,Cu-NWs在膜面活性层交织形成了良好的导电网络.将其制作成膜组件安装于MBR系统中,兼用作阴极,COD、氨氮、TN和TP的去除率分别为91.5%、99.3%、76.3%和76.2%,高于对照MBR系统.连续运行146d,TMP始终低于25kPa,无需清洗膜组件.傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FTIR）分析表明,膜面污染物质主要是蛋白质和多糖,膜面EPS含量远低于商用PVDF膜.所制备新型Cu-NWs导电微滤膜具有较好的稳定性、耐用性和抗污染性,应用前景广阔.     

低温等离子强化复合钙基吸附剂脱汞实验研究

在固定床吸附实验台上对低温等离子改性前后的复合钙基吸附剂进行脱汞实验,深入探究SO₂和O₂对具有较高孔隙率和比表面积的复合钙基吸附剂脱汞性能的影响.并通过多种表征手段和方法分析复合钙基吸附剂对Hg⁰的吸附机理.实验结果表明,由于等离子改性提高了吸附剂表面的含氧官能团的相对含量,经等离子改性的复合钙基吸附剂的脱汞效率有明显提高.在N₂+0.07% SO₂+6% O₂气氛下,吸附剂脱汞效率相比于无氧气氛由23.7%增至91.2%,吸附剂脱汞效率明显提高.此时吸附剂表面的羟基、酯基官能团作为主要反应活性位点,而羰基官能团的作用不明显.O₂的存在促使活性炭表面由碳原子不饱和键形成的活性位增加,促进了Hg⁰的吸附,同时生成多种汞化合物.随着SO₂浓度升至0.15%,改性复合钙基吸附剂表面活性位再次出现不足,此时SO₂抢夺Hg⁰的吸附位点,脱汞效率降至23.3%.     

等离子体净化苯系物

苯系物是一种常见的工业污染物,它主要包括苯、甲苯、二甲苯、苯乙烯等,传统的处理方法有液体吸收法、吸附法、焚烧法、冷凝法、生物法等,本文对比分析了各传统方法的优缺点,提出了一项新型的等离子体技术,它具有对环境温度反应迅速、适用范围极广、系统紧凑性和操作简单的特性,同时还具备停留时间短暂等优点,尤其适用于处理挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）.主要研究了使用不同类型的等离子体反应器处理苯系物的实验装置,分析了影响等离子体技术处理苯系物的相关影响参数,如施加的电压和电场强度、输入能耗、反应器类型、反应器尺寸、载气、停留时间、苯系物的种类等,例如催化剂可以提高分解效率,优化反应条件,同时分别阐述了苯、甲苯、二甲苯、苯乙烯的降解机理.最后提出,将等离子体技术与多种处理技术联合使用,将会成为未来净化挥发性有机物的主要研究方向.     

悬浮载体复合MBR工艺处理电镀废水效能研究

为探究高效经济的电镀废水处理工艺,本研究采用悬浮载体复合MBR工艺（HMBR）与普通MBR工艺平行运行,以重金属离子Cu²⁺、Ni²⁺、Cr（VI）为代表,重点研究了不同浓度重金属冲击下对两种工艺处理电镀综合废水效能及微生物活性的影响,以及载体的介入对膜污染的控制作用和对微生物种群多样性的影响.实验结果表明：在Cu²⁺、Ni²⁺、Cr（VI）浓度5~30mg/L冲击下,HMBR工艺对COD和NH₄⁺-N去除效率分别在60%和40%以上,而普通MBR工艺对COD、NH₄⁺-N的去除率分别为30%和15%以上.随着重金属Cu²⁺、Ni²⁺、Cr（VI）浓度的升高,MBR反应器内活性污泥的污泥浓度及SOUR逐步下降,HMBR工艺SOUR受抑制率48.9%远小于普通MBR工艺的73.9%.HMBR系统中EPS分泌显著低于普通MBR工艺,有效减缓膜污染的速率.此外,投加载体增加了反应系统中微生物种群多样性.     

Comparison of the effects of aluminum and iron(III) salts on ultrafiltration membrane biofouling in drinking water treatment

Coagulation plays an important role in alleviating membrane fouling, and a noticeable problem is the development of microorganisms after long-time operation, which gradually secrete extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). To date, few studies have paid attention to the behavior of microorganisms in drinking water treatment with ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. Herein, the membrane biofouling was investigated with different aluminum and iron salts. We found that Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O performed better in reducing membrane fouling due to the slower growth rate of microorganisms. In comparison to Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O, more EPS were induced with Fe₂(SO₄)₃·xH₂O, both in the membrane tank and the sludge on the cake layer. We also found that bacteria were the major microorganisms, of which the concentration was much higher than those of fungi and archaea. Further analyses showed that Proteobacteria was dominant in bacterial communities, which caused severe membrane fouling by forming a biofilm, especially for Fe₂(SO₄)₃·xH₂O. Additionally, the abundances of Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia were relatively higher in the presence of Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O, resulting in less severe biofouling by effectively degrading the protein and polysaccharide in EPS. As a result, in terms of microorganism behaviors, Al-based salts should be given preference as coagulants during actual operations.     

Adsorption-oxidation of hydrogen sulfide on Fe/walnut-shell activated carbon surface modified by NH3-plasma

Walnut-shell activated carbon(WSAC) supported ferric oxide was modified by non-thermal plasma(NTP), and the removal efficiency for hydrogen sulfide over Fe/WSAC modified by dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) was significantly promoted. The sample modified for10 min and 6.8 k V output(30 V input voltage) maintained 100% H2 S conversion over a long reaction time of 390 min. The surface properties of adsorbents modified by NTP under different conditions were evaluated by the methods of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET) analysis and in-situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), to help understand the effect of the NTP treatment. NTP treatment enhanced the adsorption capacity of Fe/WSAC, which could due to the formation of micro-pores with sizes of0.4, 0.5 and 0.75 nm. XPS revealed that chemisorbed oxygen changed into lattice oxygen after NTP treatment, and lattice oxygen is beneficial for H2 S oxidation. From the in-situ FTIR result,transformation of the reaction path on Fe/WSAC was observed after NTP modification. The research results indicate that NTP is an effective method to improve the surface properties of the Fe/WSAC catalyst for H2 S adsorption-oxidation.     

聚酰胺复合纳滤膜去除水中PFOS的研究

利用聚酰胺复合纳滤膜去除水中的PFOS,在0.6MPa操作压力条件下过滤12h,研究PFOS浓度、离子种类、总离子强度以及海藻酸对PFOS截留效果的影响.结果表明,随着PFOS浓度增大其截留率也随之升高;溶液总离子强度越大,PFOS截留率越高,当过滤进行到12h时,溶液总离子强度为150mmol/L时,PFOS的截留率比溶液总离子强度为10mmol/L时仍高2.1%;溶液中加入1mmol/L Ca²⁺时PFOS的截留效果优于加入1mmol/L Na⁺时的效果;并且随着二价离子浓度的增加,截留率上升,过滤结束时,Ca²⁺浓度为3mmol/L的条件下PFOS的截留率约为97.5%,高于1mmol/L Ca²⁺存在时PFOS的截留率（95%）;海藻酸存在时PFOS的截留率显著增高,尤其在1mmol/L钙离子存在条件下,过滤12h后PFOS的截留率仍可达到95%以上,但海藻酸会导致膜污染的发生从而引起膜通量下降.