生物可降解螯合剂谷氨酸 N,N -二乙酸四钠对污泥中重金属萃取效率的研究

谷氨酸N,N-二乙酸四钠(GLDA)具有较强金属螯合能力,是新一代生物可降解绿色螯合剂.通过分批提取实验对GLDA去除工业污泥中Cd、Ni、Cu、Zn的萃取过程进行研究,考察了萃取时间、萃取体系p H值、螯合剂用量等因素对重金属萃取效果的影响,并采用修正的BCR连续提取法分析萃取前后污泥中重金属的形态.结果表明,GLDA对污泥中Cd具有良好的去除效果;体系在p H=4,螯合剂与重金属总量摩尔比为3∶1的条件下,多种重金属取得最佳萃取效果;Zn主要以残渣态存在,导致该金属萃取率低;螯合能力不仅与萃取时间,萃取体系p H值,螯合剂用量,螯合常数等因素有关,而且还与金属的形态分布有关.     

封闭景观水体的表观污染机制研究

良好的表观性状是城市水体发挥景观功能的基本条件,现今封闭景观水体的表观受污染严重。以景观园林师陶园内的封闭水体为研究对象,进行为期半年的现场观察和水质监测,运用吸收光谱法研究了水体表观污染的历程,并进行了表观污染指数(SPI)及环境因子间的相关性分析以了解表观污染机制。研究发现,封闭水体的表观污染程度随季节变化明显,SPI与温度(T)、浊度、腐殖酸(UV254)、叶绿素a(Chl-a)均显著正相关,与溶解氧(DO)显著负相关,相关系数分别为0.786、0.951、0.595、0.849、-0.699。结果表明,植物残体的腐烂分解以及浮萍和藻类的竞争性生长会导致水体颜色和浊度异常,甚至出现发黑发臭的严重表观污染现象。     

噪声污染侵权责任中“噪声污染”的界定

判定是否承担噪声污染侵权责任首先是对噪声污染的概念的界定,现行法律对该概念的界定主要采用“超标+干扰”的主客观相结合要件,实践中出现了扰民但噪声不超标的情况,由于不符合“环境噪声污染”概念而难以得到救济.对噪声污染概念的重构需要考虑到行政法中和侵权法中该概念的不同,其蕴含的价值区别.参考国外立法并结合我国实际应将超过忍受限度作为对噪声污染概念界定的标准之一,在保护人身的同时将对财产的保护也纳入保护范围之内.在环境噪声污染侵权中,法院在适用法律裁判案件时,不应运用《环境噪声污染防治法》中关于环境噪声污染概念的界定.     

金属冶选尾矿库周边土壤重金属污染诊断

通过对某尾矿库周边15个取样点的土壤进行取样调查,根据国家土壤环境质量标准(GB 15618—1995),采用单项污染指数法、综合污染指数法对该区的土壤重金属(Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb)含量进行评价。结果表明:所有采样点的土壤重金属含量均未超过GB 15618—1995二级标准值,各金属污染程度为Zn>Cu>Cd>Pb;采样点土壤中Cu含量均未超过GB 15618—1995一级标准值,Pb在采样点GW-3、GW-5、GW-6、GW-7的含量超过了GB 15618—1995一级标准值,Zn在采样点GW-2、GW-8的含量也超过了GB 15618—1995一级标准值,Cd在采样点GW-5、GW-7的含量超过GB15618—1995一级标准值;尾矿库四周污染程度依次为:东侧>南侧>北侧>西侧。     

2014年10月中国东部持续重污染天气成因分析

2014年10月5─13日中国东部发生了大范围、长时间的(雾)霾及重污染天气. 采用AQI数据分析此次大气重污染过程的时、空演变特征,并应用NCEP(美国国家环境预报中心)再分析资料以及地面、小球探空数据,分析了主要天气型演变、边界层及上空的风场、气象条件特征,以研究此次秋季重污染天气的气象成因和形成过程. 结果表明:①华北、东北是此次污染最为严重的地区,其域内各城市持续数日的污染演变可分为AQI显著上升、持续高值、下降3个阶段. ②在AQI上升阶段(10月6—8日),受大陆高压控制,东部地区出现较弱地方风场和偏南风输送风场,风速在0～2 m/s,相对湿度在22%～86%,3 000 m逆温显著利于污染物积累. ③在持续污染阶段(10月8—11日),海上高压滞留,再加上台风“凤凰”北上阻挡大陆高压影响,使东部地区出现持续4 d的偏南风、偏东风弱风场,风速在1～4 m/s,相对湿度为57%～96%,造成严重污染. ④在AQI下降阶段(10月11—12日),后续大陆高压南下,前部冷锋利于污染物清除,风速达到6 m/s,是AQI降低的主要天气背景场. 因此,持续出现的稳定天气形势是导致此次中国东部重污染天气的主要气象原因.      

广西“十二五”主要污染物总量减排现状分析与探讨

实施污染物总量减排是中国环境管理和污染控制的重大举措,“十二五”后期仍是中国环境保护的重点内容,为此科学分析和制定有效的减排对策措施意义重大。通过总结广西“十二五”前三年总量减排工作现状及实施成效,从大气污染物减排、城镇污水处理、畜禽养殖污染防治、机动车氮氧化物控制、环境监管能力建设等方面分析存在问题,提出科学合理的减排对策建议：第一,突出污染减排倒逼作用;第二,严格环境准入;第三,狠抓大气污染物减排;第四,加强环保基层能力建设;第五,加强环境监管能力建设。     

中国北方某流域畜禽养殖污染与防治对策研究

通过实地调研和等标污染负荷模型等研究方法,对北方某流域内畜禽养殖产生的环境污染进行定量化研究.结果表明:研究区规模化大型畜禽养殖和小户养殖都比较多,管理混乱;流域内畜禽养殖污染向水体排放污染物主要是COD,占排污总量的82.73％;等标污染负荷研究显示流域主要污染物是TN和TP,在对畜禽污染的治理中应着重治理TN和TP的污染;研究区应在合理规划布局选址基础上,建立畜禽粪便治理和综合利用设施,实现资源利用的最大化,促进流域的可持续发展.     

Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air in hospitals

The concentrations of phthalate esters(PAEs) in Chinese hospitals were investigated by simultaneously determining concentrations of gas- and particle-phase PAEs. PAEs were detected in two third-class first-grade hospitals, two second-class first-grade hospitals, and a community health service center. Hospital drugstores had the highest concentration(24.19 μg/m3), which was 1.54 times that of newly decorated houses. The second highest concentration was found in the transfusion rooms, averaging 21.89 μg/m3; this was followed by the concentrations of PAEs in the nurse's workstations, the wards, and the doctor's offices, with mean concentrations of 20.66, 20.0, and 16.92 μg/m3, respectively. The lowest concentrations were found in the hallways(16.30 μg/m3). Of the six different kinds of PAEs found, major pollutants included diethyl phthalates, dibutyl phthalates, butylbenzyl phthalates and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalates, comprising more than 80% of all PAEs present.Meanwhile, a comparison between different wards showed that PAE concentrations in the maternity wards were 1.63 times higher than in the main wards. Based on known health hazards, our results suggest that the PAEs seriously influence the health of the pregnant women and babies; therefore, it is of great importance to take the phthalate concentrations in hospitals into consideration. In addition, hospital indoor air was more seriously contaminated than the air of newly decorated houses.     

化工企业环境污染突发事件的预防与应急处置对策研究

预防和处置化工企业突发环境污染事件必须从项目建设上注重环境风险评估,科学预测评价环境污染突发性事件可能引发的环境风险,提出环境风险防范和应急措施,防患于未然;在项目建设中落实环境风险防范设施建设,加强建设项目施工全程的环境监管,严格执行"三同时"制度;企业要落实主体责任,加强突发污染事件的应急保障体系建设,建立有效的环境风险管控和应急救援体系,加强安全生产;环保、安监等职能部门要强化现场监管,加大宣传力度,提高环保和安全意识.     

Assessment of lead pollution in topsoils of a southern Italy area: Analysis of urban and peri-urban environment

Exposure to lead (Pb) may affect adversely human health. Mapping soil Pb contents is essential to obtain a quantitative estimate of potential risk of Pb contamination. The main aim of this paper was to determine the soil Pb concentrations in the urban and peri-urban area of Cosenza–Rende to map their spatial distribution and assess the probability that soil Pb concentration exceeds a critical threshold that might cause concern for human health. Samples were collected at 149 locations from residual and non-residual topsoil in gardens, parks, flower-beds, and agricultural fields. Fine earth fraction of soil samples was analyzed by X-ray Fluorescence spectrometry. Stochastic images generated by the sequential Gaussian simulation were jointly combined to calculate the probability of exceeding the critical threshold that could be used to delineate the potentially risky areas. Results showed areas in which Pb concentration values were higher to the Italian regulatory values. These polluted areas were quite large and likely, they could create a significant health risk for human beings and vegetation in the near future. The results demonstrated that the proposed approach can be used to study soil contamination to produce geochemical maps, and identify hot-spot areas for soil Pb concentration.