Predicting local population distributions around a central shelter based on a predation risk-growth trade-off

Animals face trade-offs between predation risk and foraging success depending on their location in the landscape; for example, individuals that remain near a common shelter may be safe from predation but incur stronger competition for resources. Despite a long tradition of theoretical exploration of the relationships among foraging success, conspecific competition, predation risk, and population distribution in a heterogeneous environment, the scenario we describe here has not been explored theoretically. We construct a model of habitat use rules to predict the distribution of a local population (prey sharing a common shelter and foraging across surrounding habitats). Our model describes realized habitat quality as a ratio of density- and location-dependent mortality to density-dependent growth. We explore how the prey distribution around a shelter is expected to change as the parameters governing the strength of density dependence, landscape characteristics, and local abundance vary. Within the range of parameters where prey spend some time away from shelter but remain site-attached, the prey density decreases away from shelter. As the distance at which prey react to predators increases, the population range generally increases. At intermediate reaction distances, however, increases in the reaction distance lead to decreases in the maximum foraging distance because of increased evenness in the population distribution. As total abundance increases, the population range increases, average population density increases, and realized quality decreases. The magnitude of these changes differs in, for example, ‘high-’ and ‘low-visibility’ landscapes where prey can detect predators at different distances.     

长梗黄精主根与须根多糖的提取工艺研究

对长梗黄精主根与须根多糖的提取工艺进行了研究.在对乙醇浓度、浸提温度、浸提时间和粉碎粒度等进行单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定了长梗黄精主根与须根多糖提取的最佳工艺条件,即对长梗黄精主根多糖的提取最佳条件为乙醇浓度80％、浸提温度80℃、浸提时间50min、颗粒大小40目,此时多糖提取率为18.754％;而对长梗黄精须根多糖的提取最佳条件为乙醇浓度70％、浸提温度60℃、浸提时间30min、颗粒大小80目,此时多糖提取率为16.652％.须根多糖含量与主根含量差异性不显著,故须根的利用价值也很高,有待开发利用.     

阳离子交换树脂法提取一株除铬(Ⅵ)优势菌(Bacillus sp.)的胞外聚合物

采用阳离子交换树脂法对一株除铬优势菌(Bacillussp.)的胞外聚合物(EPS)进行提取,综合考察树脂量、振摇频率、提取时间三个主要因素对EPS提取效率的影响,确定阳离子交换树脂法提取优势菌Bacillussp.的最佳EPS提取条件.试验结果表明:当菌悬液OD为0.833,树脂量20g,振摇频率120r.min-1,提取时间8h时,EPS的提取效果最佳,提取量高达132.15μg.ml-1菌悬液,而DNA提取量仅1.48μg.ml-1菌悬液.     

Fall from equipment injuries in U.S. mining: Identification of specific research areas for future investigation

Introduction

The objective of this study was to evaluate the circumstances leading to fall from equipment injuries in the mining industry.

Method

The 2006 and 2007 Mine Safety and Health Administration annual injury databases were utilized for this study whereby the injury narrative, nature of injury, body part injured, mine type, age at injury, and days lost were evaluated for each injury.

Results

The majority of injuries occurred at surface mining facilities (∼ 60%) with fractures and sprains/strains being the most common injuries occurring to the major joints of the body. Nearly 50% of injuries occurred during ingress/egress, predominately during egress, and approximately 25% of injuries occurred during maintenance tasks. The majority of injuries occurred in relation to large trucks, wheel loaders, dozers, and conveyors/belts. The severity of injury was independent of age and the median days lost was seven days; however, there was a large range in severity.

Impact on industry

From the data obtained in this study, several different research areas have been identified for future work, which include balance and stability control when descending ladders and equipment design for maintenance tasks.     

仙人掌多糖的提取分离与性质测定

仙人掌多糖具有降血糖、抗炎、免疫、抗溃疡等作用．经热水提取、乙醇沉淀、DEAE Sepharose fastflow离子交换色谱和SephadexG系列凝胶滤过色谱纯化得到5种仙人掌多糖纽分．采用醋酸纤维薄膜电泳检测多糖纯度,凝胶色谱测定相对分子质量,高效液相色谱测定糖的组成．经测定,它们的相对分子质量依次为2．0×10^3、1．0×10^6、4．0×10^3、9．2×10^5、5．0×10^3．ODP1由鼠李糖组成,ODP2可能由鼠李缚和葡萄糖组成,ODP4可能由鼠李糖和D-半乳糖组成．ODP3和ODP5分别由鼠李糖和一未知糖组分组成．表3,参12．     

活性白土对餐饮业废油脂脱色工艺的探索

选用活性白土对餐饮业废油脂进行脱色研究,对脱色率的影响因素进行了讨论。摸索出活性白土的最佳脱色条件：活性白土用量5％;初始脱色温度60C;终止脱色温度120C;脱色时间25min。     

涤沦仿真丝污水治理的研究

经实验比较了涤沦仿真丝污水治理中常见的两种工艺即“厌氧酸化＋好氧酸化”和“加酸沉淀＋好氧生化”的处理效果,提出了后一种工艺才能真正治理污染的观点。加酸沉淀可去除CODcr77％左右,同时大大提高了污水的可生化性。     

Liquid crystallinity of levan/water/starch solutions

Transmitted light measurements performed with a UV-visible spectrophotometer were used to characterize how starch affects the position of boundaries on the phase diagram for dilute aqueous solutions of levan (a branched polymer of fructose). Data were collected in the range 15 to 70°C; the minimum concentrations required for separation of a nematic phase and the minimum concentration required for a fully nematic solution were identified within this range. While hard interactions (repulsion between rod-like molecular segments) dictate the formation of a liquid crystalline phase at and above ambient temperature in the absence of starch, soft interactions become more significant as solutions are cooled toward ambient when starch is present. Small amounts of starch might be used as a filler to modify the mechanical properties (while retaining the process-related benefits) of levan films cast from liquid crystalline solution.     

中部3省城市建设用地功能时空演化特征

定量识别区域城市建设用地功能演化特征与模式,是推进可持续城市建设用地开发利用与管理、助力新型城镇化等国家战略的重要基础。从人口承载、生产与消费、公共服务3个方面构建了城市建设用地功能评价指标体系与模型,以地级市为研究单元探究了2000~2014年期间我国中部3省多尺度城市建设用地功能演化特征与模式。研究结果表明:(1)中部3省城市建设用地人口承载、生产与消费、公共服务和综合功能总体呈改善趋势,但演化过程复杂;(2)不同尺度尤其是城市群地区城市建设用地功能演化特征差异明显。沿长江和城市群地区城市建设用地功能演化强度高,但城市群地区空间异质性较强;(3)城市建设用地功能演化以复合型演化模式为主,演化格局复杂。其中,城市建设用地人口承载功能演化模式类型最多,且局部地区呈衰退型演化格局;城市建设用地生产与消费、公共服务功能和综合功能演化模式类型相对较少,且大多集中连片分布,武汉城市建设用地综合功能加速改善型演化特征显著。如何深入探究城市建设用地功能演化模式形成机理,并系统制定多级城市建设用地可持续利用管理策略,是实现我国新型城镇化和"美丽中国梦"等战略的重要任务。     

脱硫石膏农业利用研究进展与展望

概述火电厂脱硫石膏定义、生产过程和性质.简述了脱离石膏的工业利用,详述了脱离石膏对酸性和碱性土壤改良的现状和机理,并展望了脱硫石膏促进滩涂土植被演替的前景.