竹粉含量对竹浆造纸白泥/聚氯乙烯复合材料性能的影响

以竹粉、竹浆造纸白泥和聚氯乙烯为原料,采用铝酸酯偶联剂对竹粉和竹浆造纸白泥进行改性处理,通过热压成型技术制备竹浆造纸白泥/聚氯乙烯复合材料,研究竹粉含量对复合材料密度、力学性能、尺寸稳定性和阻燃性能的影响,并通过XRD、扫描电镜和红外光谱对竹浆造纸白泥进行表征。结果表明：偶联剂与竹浆造纸白泥产生了化学作用;竹粉含量在一定范围内时,对复合材料的力学性能具有一定的增强效果,但其尺寸稳定性能和阻燃性能随竹粉含量的增加而下降;当竹粉含量为10%时,复合材料的密度为1.03 g·cm-3,拉伸强度为4.84 MPa,拉伸断裂伸长率为2.84%,弯曲强度11.83 MPa,弯曲模量为8 883.33 MPa,24 h TS为1.65%,24 h WA为5.16%,氧指数为38.6%,其综合性能较优,其中氧指数达到国家建筑材料阻燃等级B1级的要求。     

固定化细胞处理难降解有机废水

本文首先对琼脂、明胶、海藻酸钙、聚乙烯酰和丙烯醇铵5种固定化细胞载体的性能进行了比较,然后用固定化细胞分别对含难降解有机成份的洗衣粉废水和四环素废水进行了处理试验.结果表明,聚乙烯醇凝胶是其中较为合适的固定化细胞载体;洗衣粉废水中的LAS浓度为40mg/L～70mg/L时,3h内LAS可降解90%以上;在固定化细胞作为产甲烷相的二相厌氧工艺中,产酸相和产甲烷相停留时间分别为3h和24h时,四环素废水的COD去除率可达73%左右.     

PVDF/PVA改性超滤膜抗污染特性的微观作用力评价分析

使用动态过滤法对聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)超滤膜进行改性,得到PVDF/聚乙烯醇(PVA)改性膜。系统考察了改性前后PVDF超滤膜表面的微观结构变化,使用原子力显微镜结合自制的—COOH、—OH官能团探针,定量测定了改性前后超滤膜与官能团之间的作用力变化特点,并进行了富含—OH、—COOH官能团的典型有机物海藻酸钠(SA)及腐殖酸(HA)的膜污染实验。结果表明,与PVDF基膜相比,PVDF/PVA改性膜表面粗糙度增大,接触角有效降低;—COOH、—OH官能团与PVDF/PVA改性膜之间的作用力远远小于—COOH、—OH官能团与PVDF之间的作用力。在相同的膜污染运行时间内,改性膜的通量衰减速率及衰减幅度皆小于相应PVDF膜的通量衰减速率及衰减幅度。说明改性膜有效降低了膜-污染物之间相互作用力,提高了膜的抗污染能力,微观作用力评价方法可利用于揭示膜污染本质。     

聚乙烯醇包埋水化硅酸钙粉末制备薄片状材料用于处理含磷废水

采用聚乙烯醇（PVA）包埋固定水化硅酸钙（CSH）粉末,硝酸钠作为交联剂,制备片状除磷材料（PVA-CSH）,解决粉状CSH易流失、易堵塞等实用性问题,同时尽量避免对CSH粉末吸附性能的影响。通过SEM和FTIR对材料进行表征,通过批量的静态实验研究材料对含磷废水的吸附行为,通过连续运行实验考察材料的实际应用性能。结果表明,PVA-CSH材料成多孔网状结构,包埋前后CSH基团种类不变;PVA的加入对CSH除磷的吸附速率会有一定的影响,但平衡吸附量基本不受影响,准二级动力学方程可用于描述吸附过程,吸附等温曲线符合Langmuir等温方程;连续柱实验中,同等条件下,CSH及PVA-CSH柱出水磷浓度超出0.5 mg· L-1时,运行时长均为7 d左右,PVA-CSH柱出水COD浓度始终小于10 mg· L-1,NO3--N浓度始终小于2 mg·L-1,PVA-CSH柱出水浊度接近0 NTU显著优于CSH粉末。     

Starch/polyvinyl alcohol blended materials used as solid carbon source for tertiary denitrification of secondary effluent

Starch/polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） blended materials for using as a solid carbon source （SCS） were prepared by blending PVA and gelatinized starch in an aqueous solution system, in which PVA served as framework material and starch as carbon source. The optimization of starch content and temperature effects were investigated. It was indicated that higher denitrification efficiency could be achieved with more starch in the materials. The average specific denitrification rates were 0.93, 0.66, 0.37 and 0.36 mg/（g·day） corresponding to starch content of 70%, 60%, 40% and 30% respectively at 37℃. The denitrification rates increased when operating temperature was raised from 23℃ to 30℃ and then 37℃. The mechanism of carbon release was analyzed incorporating the experimental results of abiotic release in deionized water. The organic carbon was mainly hydrolyzed by microbes, and the biological release efficiencies were at the range of 89.2% to 96.0%. A long-term experiment with a continuous flow reactor with SCS material containing 70% starch was conducted to gain some experience for practical application. When the influent nitrate concentration was in the range of 35.2 to 39.1 mg/L, hydraulic retention time of 4 hr, and operating temperature of 30℃, a nitrogen removal efficiency up to 94.6% and denitrification rate of 0.217 kg/（m3.day） was achieved. The starch-based materials developed in this study can be used as a solid carbon source for tertiary nitrogen removal from secondary effluent.     

聚乙烯醇精馏残渣组分分析及其环境风险评价

为评估聚乙烯醇生产中精馏残渣组分及其环境污染风险,为此类危险废物的环境管理提供技术支持,采集华东某聚乙烯醇生产企业的精馏残渣,分析其重金属以及有机污染物含量,并评估其环境风险。研究结果表明聚乙烯醇精馏残渣主要来自生产环节中的醋酸乙烯精制工段,残渣中的有机物组分主要为醋酸及其他有机酸类,其中醋酸的相对含量达到63.47%;残渣中的重金属主要包括Zn、Ni和Cr,其含量分别为404 537 mg·kg-1,8 654 mg·kg-1和5 084 mg·kg-1。环境风险评价的结果表明残渣中有机物污染物引起的环境风险在可接受范围内,而重金属污染严重,同时有很高潜在生态风险。精馏残渣中的主要环境污染风险因子为醋酸、Zn和Ni。     

Biodegradability of a Selected Range of Polymers and Polymer Blends and Standard Methods for Assessment of Biodegradation

Synthetic polymers are important to the packaging industry but their use raises aesthetic and environmental concerns, particularly with regard to solid waste accumulation problems and the threat to wildlife. Some concerns are addressed by attention to problems associated with source reduction, incineration, recycling and landfill. Others are addressed by the development of new biodegradable polymers either alone or in blends. Materials used for biodegradable polymers include various forms of starch and products derived from it, biopolyesters and some synthetic polymers. Starch is rapidly metabolised and is an excellent base material for polymer blends or for infill of more environmentally inert polymers where it is metabolised to leave less residual polymer on biodegradation. This should help to improve the environmental impact of waste disposal. A number of standard methods have been developed to estimate the extent of biodegradability of polymers under various conditions and with a variety of organisms. They tend to be used mainly in the countries where they were developed but there is much overlap between the standards of different countries and wide scope for development of consistent and international standards.     

高级氧化法脱除PVA浆料的清洁生产新工艺研究

为了研究高级氧化法脱除聚乙烯醇(PVA)浆料清洁生产新工艺的可行性,研究了3种高级氧化法UV/H2O2、UV/TiO2、Nafion-Fe2 /H2O2对含PVA溶液的氧化降解,其降解效果依次为:UV/H2O2＞Nafion-Fe2 /H2O2＞UV/TiO2.对于UV/H2O2法,PVA降解速率与H2O2的初始浓度成正相关,且H2O2浓度为2.95 mmol/L时14 min内就能使PVA的去除率达到98%;pH和温度对PVA的氧化降解效果影响不明显.在此基础上,对建立在高级氧化法基础上的退浆新工艺进行了探讨,结果表明,在65℃和75℃下,高级氧化法条件下的纯棉织物PVA退浆率分别达到70.16%和95.65%;该法不仅可以促进PVA从纯棉织物上的脱附,而且可以达到对PVA的较高降解效果,使得所排退浆废水的生化处理难度明显降低.     

聚乙烯醇(PVA)厌氧生物降解特性试验研究

对聚乙烯醇 (PVA)的生物降解特性进行试验研究。结果表明 :厌氧颗粒污泥的微生物组成及粒径大小 ,对PVA的降解率影响最大 ,以产酸菌为主的颗粒污泥对PVA的降解能力最强 ,2 0d后PVA的降解率高达 70 % ,以甲烷菌为主的颗粒污泥对PVA的降解能力最差 ,2 0d后PVA的降解率仅为 6 3% ;pH对PVA的降解率影响不大 ,碱度过大对PVA的降解不利 ;PVA共基质试验结果表明 :以葡萄糖为碳源时 ,低浓度的葡萄糖会改变污泥的表面性质 ,使PVA迅速吸附到污泥表面 ,但随着降解时间的延长 ,PVA的浓度会回升 ,高浓度的葡萄糖对PVA的降解产生抑制 ;以淀粉为碳源时 ,产酸菌优先利用淀粉 ,PVA的降解率没有明显提高。在PVA浓度低时 ,在底物中添加一定的氮源可以提高PVA的降解率     

微波辐射技术在聚乙烯醇降解反应中的应用

考察了微波功率、pH值、H2O2用量和反应时间对聚乙烯醇降解反应的影响.实验表明,在微波辐射条件下,微波功率为800W,辐射时间为1min,pH值为3, H2O2用量为22g H2O2·100g-1 PVA时,5ml聚乙烯醇(7%)的平均聚合度能够在1min内降至67.与常规油浴加热相比,反应速度提高10-20倍.