我国电石法生产聚氯乙烯行业汞排放清单

提出了我国电石法聚氯乙烯(PVC)生产全生命周期汞排放清单的计算方法。采用低汞触媒有盐酸脱吸工艺、高汞触媒有盐酸脱吸工艺、高汞触媒无盐酸脱吸工艺的汞输入因子分别为0.045 g/kt、0.091 g/kt和0.122 g/kt,回收产品的汞输出分布因子分别为95.37%、81.97%和97.18%。估算得到:2010年我国电石法PVC生产汞输入量792.8~814.8 t;回收的产品汞705.9~724.4 t,通过大气无组织排放、管道残留以及其他未知途径汞排放79.6~82.8 t;废水汞排放1.3 t;固体废物汞排放3.6~3.7 t;废酸汞排放2.5~2.6 t。回收的产品汞是汞输出的主要途径。     

退浆废水中聚乙烯醇定量测量的研究进展

中国纺织行业产生的退浆废水中聚乙烯醇（PVA）可生化性能差,其对环境的危害越来越受到环保人士的关注。因此定量检测PVA在处理退浆废水研究中显得尤为重要,然而至今没有形成一套定量测量PVA的规范方法。本文介绍了目前退浆废水中聚乙烯醇定量测量的常用方法：单波长和双波长分光光度法,以及目前测量所选用的显色体系、显色剂加入量、测量波长等条件。并从多角度分析了测量条件不规范的原因,提出了一些改进的建议,为规范PVA的定量测量研究提供参考。     

印染废水活性污泥代谢状态光偏转快速检测法

针对现有活性污泥检测方法过程繁琐、耗时长、检测结果滞后的局限,提出了光偏转快速检测法.在污泥负荷为0.33KgCOD/（kg MLSS·d）、水力停留时间为15h的印染废水完全混合式活性污泥系统中,投放粒径4mm、具有20μm微孔结构的聚乙烯醇（PVA）凝胶小球以负载微生物,并在小球达到稳定状态后,对其表面处因外界溶液与微生物代谢产物交换产生的浓度梯度变化,借助光斑分析仪进行光偏转检测,同时测定与光偏转检测结果相对应的15h后的出水COD及COD去除率.连续10个月的检测发现,小球中富集的主要为细菌,当进水COD由91.95mg/L增至519.4mg/L时,小球的光偏转值从229.51μm增加至299.97μm,COD去除率从16.03%提高至66.99%;当DO浓度为1.5mg/L~5mg/L时,小球光偏转值在DO=4mg/L时增至最大为309.3mg/L,对应状态下COD去除率增至最大为61.18%;在pH值为6~9时,小球光偏转值在pH=7时增至最大为293.96μm,对应状态下COD去除率也达到最大值为64.83%;当重金属Cr³⁺浓度增至50mg/L时,微生物活性逐渐受到抑制,小球光偏转值在Cr³⁺浓度为20mg/L时降至269.7μm,随后随着Cr³⁺浓度的增加,微生物细胞受损,胞内物质溶出,小球光偏转值有所增大,对应状态下COD去除率从52.5%持续降低至25.73%.结果表明：该方法可快速获得活性污泥代谢状态变化信息,且依据特定条件下小球光偏转值变化能够预测随后印染废水COD的去除效果.利用三维荧光光谱初步探究了微生物代谢引发光偏转的机理,发现参与微生物代谢的主要有机物为酪氨酸、芳香类蛋白及色氨酸.     

Hydrogen generation from polyvinyl alcohol-contaminated wastewater by a process of supercritical water gasification

Gasification of polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)-contaminated wastewater in supercritical water(SCW)was investigated in a continuous flow reactor at 723-873 K,20-36 MPa and residence time of 20-60 s.The gas and liquid products were analyzed by GC/TCD,and TOC analyzer.The main gas products were H_2,CH_4,CO and CO_2.Pressure change had no significant influence on gasification efficiency. Higher temperature and longer residence time enhanced gasification efficiency,and lower temperature favored the production of H_2. The effects of KOH catalyst on gas product composition were studied,and gasification efficiency were analyzed.The TOC removal efficiency(R_(TOC)),carbon gasification ratio(R_(CG))and hydrogen gasification ratio(R_(HG))were up to 96.00%,95.92% and 126.40% at 873 K and 60 s,respectively,which suggests PVA can be completely gasified in SCW.The results indicate supercritical water gasification for hydrogen generation is a promising process for the treatment of PVA wastewater.     

臭氧氧化及其他强化技术协同降解聚乙烯醇

采用O₃氧化降解水中聚乙烯醇（PVA）,考察了O₃氧化的影响因素及与其他强化技术协同下的降解效果。结果表明,经12 min处理,O₃/超声波、O₃/紫外光协同作用下PVA降解率较直接O₃氧化的63.2%有显著提高,表现出了良好的协同效应。通过比较酸性条件下添加不同量Fenton试剂的作用效果可知,·OH的氧化作用是PVA降解的重要原因。     

廉价包埋剂聚乙烯醇的研究

以洗衣粉废水中的LAS为处理对象,研究了PVA-硼酸化法固定化微生物细胞的物理特性、废水处理特性及相关特性。其多孔结构、高机械稳定性、良好的贮藏性和活性可恢复性、污泥产量少及固定化增殖细胞的性质等说明PVA是有开发实用价值的廉价包埋剂。     

Immobilization of activated sludge using improved polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） gel

The microbial immobilization method using polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)gel as an immobilizing material was improved and used for entrapment of activated sludge.The oxygen uptake rate(OUR)was used to characterize the biological activity of immobilized activated sludge.Three kinds of PVA-immobilized particles of activated sludge,that is,PVA-boric acid beads,PVA-sodium nitrate beads and PVA-orthophosphate beads were prepared,and their biological activity was compared by measuring the OUR value.The bioactivity of both autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms of activated sludge was determined using different synthetic wastewater media (containing 250 mg/L COD and 25 mg/L NH_4~ -N).The experimental results showed that the bioactivity and stability of the three kinds of immobilized activated sludge was greatly improved after activation.With respect of the bioactivity and the mechanical stability,the PVA-orthophosphate method may be a promising and economical technique for microbial immobilization.     

红球菌J-5菌株降解聚乙烯醇的研究

从土壤样品中分离到一株能以聚乙烯醇(PVA)为唯一碳源、能源生长的纯菌株,经生理生化鉴定和16S rRNA基因序列分析,该菌株属于红球菌属(Rhodococcus sp.),对该菌株降解PVA的特性进行了研究.结果表明,该菌株降解PVA的适宜条件为10000mg/L PVA,25℃,摇床培养;此外,添加0.1%的酵母膏可以明显促进PVA的降解.在该条件下通气培养7d,可以降解58%的PVA,通过红外光谱分析PVA的代谢产物,说明PVA降解的中间产物带有羰基.     

Copper biosorption on immobilized seaweed biomass： Column breakthrough characteristics

The biosorption of copper by the brown seaweed Sargassum baccularia,immobilized onto polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)gel beads, was investigated with fixed-bed experiments.Laboratory-scale column tests were performed to determine breakthrough curves with varying flow rates and feed concentrations.A theoretical fixed-bed model,known as the Bohart-Adams equation,was evaluated in simulating the experimental breakthrough curves.The Bohart-Adams model qualitatively predicted the breakthrough trends.PVA- immobilized seaweed biomass beads were amenable to efficient regeneration with aqueous solution containing the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA).The biosorbent retained most of its original uptake capacity over three cycles of use.The excellent reusability of the biosorbent could lead to the development of a viable metal remediation technology.