环境规划中声环境管控分级研究——以长春市龙嘉机场为例

文章以长春市龙嘉机场为研究对象,结合机场参数指标,绘制机场噪声等值线图,并与城市规划相结合,评价机场周边噪声影响程度以及机场噪声对城市发展的限制作用.文章首先对机场周边56个噪声监测点位进行机场噪声数据采集,通过专业软件进行飞行事件分析,在飞行程序及飞行数据分析基础上,利用INM模拟软件进行机场模型构建,绘制机场噪声等值线图.结果表明,龙嘉机场Lwecpn 70以上区域总面积11.28平方公里,机场周边各类建设用地布局符合声环境标准当中土地用地的布局要求.     

涠洲岛珊瑚礁分布特征与环境保护的初步研究

根据历年来对涠洲岛珊瑚礁所观测的资料,初步研究了该岛珊瑚的种群结构及其分布特征,以及珊瑚礁的形成及发育过程,并提出了涠洲岛珊瑚的保护措施.      

Intra-specific variations of two Leymus chinensis divergence populations in Songnen Plain, northeast China

Population demography, seed production, biomassallocation, net photosynthesis and transpiration of two Leymus chinensis divergence populations and between two years in Songnenplain, northeast China were compared. Strong differences betweenthe dry 1997 and moist 1998 occurred in vegetative shoot and sexualshoot densities, sexual differentiation and tiller densities, aswell as in the lengths of inflorescence, seed numbers perinflorescence, seed weights and biomass allocation in eachpopulation respectively (P<0.01). While strong differences betweenthe two populations occurred in vegetative shoot densities, sexualshoot densities, sexual differentiation and seed weights in eachyear (P<0.01). The differences between the two populations intiller densities and in biomass allocation to sexual shoots were significant (P<0.05). But there were no significant differences between the two populations in the lengths of inflorescence, seed numbers per inflorescence and biomass allocation to rhizomes and vegetative shoots (P>0.05). Excepting the transpiration rate in the early June, the differences between the two populations in net photosynthesis and transpiration rate of vegetative shoots and sexual shoots were strongly significant in the early June and July respectively (P<0.01). Relative stable variations in population demography and physiological traits between the two populations indicated that they are divergently in the Songnen Plain.     

应急避难场地“就近布置”规划原则探讨

通过对避难行为、避难需求的相关调查,对现有"就近布置"避难场地的规划原则进行了深入分析和研究,对"近"提出了"时间距离近"和"空间距离近"的两重涵义;在此基础上认为不同类型应急避难场地在布局上对"近"的要求应区别对待;该原则可进一步表述为"服务半径基础之上与人口密度、通达路径相对应,就近布置"。     

东海区带鱼伏季休渔效果及其资源的合理利用

根据2002-2003年东海区带鱼年龄鉴定资料,并引用以往的带鱼渔业生物学研究结果,作为估算带鱼死亡系数和建立动态综合模型所需的有关参数值估算的依据,从而运用Ricker动态综合模型分析了在现行渔业条件下东海区带鱼伏季休渔效果和带鱼资源利用状况以及变更渔业利用情况对带鱼渔业所产生的影响。结果表明:在现行渔业下(tc=0.5a,F=2.61/a),东海区实施3个月的伏季休渔制度能使年平均资源量增加87%,年产量增加29%,渔获平均体重增加42%;带鱼资源的利用虽处于捕捞过度状态之中,但尚能承受较大的捕捞压力,资源结构利用不合理之处是捕捞大量的幼鱼群体,渔获个体依然过小,渔获平均体重仅为75g/ind.;单位补充量渔获量(Y/R)随tc变化的影响大于随F的变化,建议在维持现有伏季休渔制度下,应逐渐降低捕捞强度,并以提高起捕规格放大网目尺寸作为今后一个时期首选的渔业管理目标,应是较为现实的资源合理利用措施。     

Organic matter and concentrated nitrogen removal by shortcut nitrification and denitrification from mature municipal landfill leachate

An UASB＋Anoxic/Oxic （A/O） system was introduced to treat a mature landfill leachate with low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and high ammonia concentration. To make the best use of the biodegradable COD in the leaehate, the denitrifieation of NOx^--N in the reeireulation effluent from the elarifier was carried out in the UASB. The results showed that most biodegradable organic matters were removed by the denitrifieation in the UASB. The NH4^＋-N loading rate （ALR） of A/O reactor and operational temperature was 0.28- 0.60 kg NH4^＋-N/（m^3-d） and 17-29℃ during experimental period, respectively. The short-cut nitrification with nitrite accumulation efficiency of 90%-99% was stabilized during the whole experiment. The NH4^＋-N removal efficiency varied between 90% and 100%. When ALR was less than 0.45 kg NH4^＋-N/（m^3.d）, the NH4^＋-N removal efficiency was more than 98%. With the influent NH4^＋-N of 1200-1800 mg/L, the effluent NH4^＋-N was less than 15 mg/L. The shortcut nitrification and denitrifieation can save 40% carbon source, with a highly efficient denitrifieation taking place in the UASB. When the ratio of the feed COD to feed NH4^＋-N was only 2-3, the total inorganic nitrogen （TIN） removal efficiency attained 67%-80%. Besides, the sludge samples from A/O reactor were analyzed using FISH. The FISH analysis revealed that ammonia oxidation bacteria （AOB） accounted for 4% of the total eubaeterial population, whereas nitrite oxidation bacteria （NOB） accounted only for 0.2% of the total eubaeterial population.     

降解五氯酚厌氧生物反应器微生物种群结构的分子特性研究

采用PCR—DGGE技术，对降解PCP厌氧生物反应器污泥颗粒化过程微生物种群结构的时空分布变化特性进行了初步研究．结果表明，随着PCP负荷增加与污泥的颗粒化，污泥真细菌、古细菌组成均发生明显变化．当反应器稳定运行时，反应器内上下层污泥微生物种群结构组成相似，真细菌相似性Cs在71．4～77．6之间，古细菌Cs在70．4～76．7之间．反应器一旦受污染物负荷冲击干扰，反应器上下层污泥真细菌组成相似性Cs降至43．3，古细菌降至35．2．测序表明，颗粒污泥中存在不可培养的脱氯细菌，优势产甲烷细菌为Methanosaeta concilii、Methanobacterium sp．、Methanobrevibacter sp．和Methanothfix soehngenii．     

沙层水分小尺度地域分异特征 —— 以沙坡头沙区为例

水分是沙漠地区生态环境的限制因子,研究沙漠沙层水分分布规律对在沙区种植人工植物进行固沙有显著指导意义。通过对沙坡头沙区两个典型流动沙丘不同坡向、不同部位以及两个洼地进行采样,研究该区水分平衡与小尺度水分分异特征与规律,结果表明：（1）流动大沙丘顶部沙层水分含量一般在1.00%以下,中部水分含量一般在1.00%—2.00%,底部水分含量一般在2.00%—3.00%,均以薄膜水形式存在。洼地沙层2.0—3.0 m左右深度有饱和重力水甚至地下水出现。（2）流动大沙丘的迎风坡沙层水分高于背风坡,沙丘水分含量均是底部最高,中部次之,顶部最低。（3）沙坡头区沙层水分属于快速入渗型水分正平衡,洼地或平坦地段是大气降水向下入渗的主要渠道。     

An approach to the fluctuation mechanism of ecotone

In this paper,the relationship among land productivity,population pressure and the fluctuation mechanism of ecotone is analyzed,taking coumties and banners of southeast Inner Mongolia plateau as an example,which is the most fragile part in the farming and husbandry interleaving belt of north China due to its severe desertification degree and low level of economic development.The Cv for the total output value of agriculture decreases from southeast to northwest,with the same rule as which the overloading population cumulated distributes,and both indicators have close relation with the high linear coefficient of 0.83.These reveal the fluctuation mechanism for ecotone:fluctuation of the level of economic development is a scientific and practical measure both to weakness degree and to instability of ecotone,because it is a synthesized response to the variation of climate as well as irrational land uses,which reinforce and magnify the fluctuation.In detail,the heavier the population overloading,the severer the grassland reclamation,the stronger the dependence of regional productivity on rainfall,the lower the level of economic development,the rougher the fluctuation of ecotone,but the weaker the PRED system.