生活垃圾填埋场细菌气溶胶分布及职业暴露风险评估

为探究生活垃圾填埋场细菌气溶胶分布以及场区员工的职业暴露风险,在西安市某垃圾填埋场的6个功能区测定和分析了细菌气溶胶浓度、粒径分布和细菌活性,并运用风险商法评估场区员工的职业暴露风险.结果表明,生活垃圾填埋场细菌气溶胶浓度最高和最低值分别为渗滤液收集区（（5381±3875）CFU·m^-3）和生活办公区（（1227±204）CFU·m^-3）,不同季节细菌气溶胶浓度变化为：夏季 > 秋季 > 冬季 > 春季.各采样点位于0.65~1.1 μm的细菌气溶胶浓度最低,小粒径细菌气溶胶比重由春季到冬季逐渐增大,各采样点细菌气溶胶的平均中值粒径均小于5.0 μm.流式细胞术分析结果显示,冬季不同采样点细菌气溶胶中活菌占比为74%~83%.细菌气溶胶职业暴露风险商均小于1,不同季节的暴露风险大小为夏季 > 秋季 > 冬季 > 春季,成年男性的职业暴露风险大于成年女性.     

Characterization of a phenanthrene-degrading methanogenic community

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) often occur in oil-contaminated soil, coke wastewater and domestic sludge; however, associated PAH degraders in these environments are not clear. Here we evaluated phenanthrene degradation potential in the mixed samples of above environments, and obtained a methanogenic community with different microbial profile compared to those from sediments. Phenanthrene was efficiently degraded (1.26 mg/L/d) and nonstoichiometric amount of methane was produced simultaneously. 16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrated that bacterial populations were mainly associated with Comamonadaceae Nocardiaceae and Thermodesulfobiaceae, and that methanogenic archaea groups were dominated by Methanobacterium and Methanothermobacter. Substances such as hexane, hexadecane, benzene and glucose showed the most positive effects on phenanthrene degradation. Substrate utilization tests indicated that this culture could not utilize other PAHs. These analyses could offer us some suggestions on the putative phenanthrene-degrading microbes in such environments, and might help us develop strategies for the removal of PAHs from contaminated soil and sludge.

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Revealing life‐history traits by contrasting genetic estimations with predictions of effective population size

Effective population size, a central concept in conservation biology, is now routinely estimated from genetic surveys and can also be theoretically predicted from demographic, life‐history, and mating‐system data. By evaluating the consistency of theoretical predictions with empirically estimated effective size, insights can be gained regarding life‐history characteristics and the relative impact of different life‐history traits on genetic drift. These insights can be used to design and inform management strategies aimed at increasing effective population size. We demonstrated this approach by addressing the conservation of a reintroduced population of Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus). We estimated the variance effective size (N_ev) from genetic data () and formulated predictions for the impacts on N_ev of demography, polygyny, female variance in lifetime reproductive success (RS), and heritability of female RS. By contrasting the genetic estimation with theoretical predictions, we found that polygyny was the strongest factor affecting genetic drift because only when accounting for polygyny were predictions consistent with the genetically measured N_ev. The comparison of effective‐size estimation and predictions indicated that 10.6% of the males mated per generation when heritability of female RS was unaccounted for (polygyny responsible for 81% decrease in N_ev) and 19.5% mated when female RS was accounted for (polygyny responsible for 67% decrease in N_ev). Heritability of female RS also affected N_ev; (heritability responsible for 41% decrease in N_ev). The low effective size is of concern, and we suggest that management actions focus on factors identified as strongly affecting , namely, increasing the availability of artificial water sources to increase number of dominant males contributing to the gene pool. This approach, evaluating life‐history hypotheses in light of their impact on effective population size, and contrasting predictions with genetic measurements, is a general, applicable strategy that can be used to inform conservation practice.     

格氏栲种群增长动态预测研究

以”空间推时间,横向导纵向”方法,建立了格氏栲种群标准生命表、生殖力表,在此基础上运用Ｌｅｓｌｉｅ种群增长模型,预测了格氏栲种群的动态增长过程,揭示了格氏栲各龄级植株的动态规律;同时采用特征根理论方法,分析格氏栲种群稳定性,并模拟格氏栲种群的可能变化．结果表明：该区格氏栲为缓慢增长型种群,总体上保持相对稳定状态,老龄阶段对干扰不敏感,种子和生长阶段对干扰有较大敏感．讨论认为,本结果可为格氏栲种群的保护和经营管理提供理论依据和信息     

四川辖曼自然保护区黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)的数量及分布

通过１９９７０７２４～１９９７０８１７对四川辖曼自然保护区的调查,发现黑颈鹤２６９只．通过平均密度法估算整个保护区有４０７只,其主要分布在伏流宽谷沼泽和湖泊洼地沼泽,其最适生境是湿润及水体沼泽区,偶见于草坡．由于自然环境的变迁及人为活动的干扰,黑颈鹤的栖息繁殖环境及整个湿地生态系统的稳定性正受到极大的威胁,需进一步加强保护     

二龙山水库水体富营养化的研究

以水质监测资料为基础,选择营养度指数法对黑龙江省宾县境内的二龙山水库水质的营养状况进行了综合评价,并对水库同期的浮游藻类进行了详细调查,结果表明:二龙山水库的水质已初步富营养化.针对调查结果,并结合该地的实际情况提出了削减N,P污染物的实施途径.      

天津地区人群对多环芳烃的暴露

以天津地区PAHs各介质浓度的实测数据和文献中相关参数为基础资料,采用多介质-多途径暴露模型,估算了天津市人群对环境中16种PAHs的暴露水平.计算结果说明,天津地区居民终生日均暴露量为3.3μg·kg-1·d-1,其中儿童、青少年和成人亚群的暴露水平分别是4.3、3.8和3.1μg·kg-1·d-1.膳食摄入约占总暴露量的75%,呼吸贡献为20%,皮肤接触约占5%.8种致癌PAHs的终生日均暴露量为0.38μg·kg-1·d-1,其中3个亚群的暴露水平分别为0.48、0.45和0.36μg·kg-1·d-1.     

古田山自然保护区黑麂资源分布与保护现状

2003年3～12月,在古田山自然保护区对黑麂的分布、种群密度和保护现状进行了调查,结果发现,古田山黑麂主要栖息在海拔800～1000m的区域。同时根据样带法估计保护区内黑麂种群密度。结果表明,区内黑麂平均密度为3.30±0.45只/km²,单因素方差分析表明,核心区、缓冲区、实验区黑麂种群密度存在极显著差异(F_2,37=19.31,P<0.01)。从整个保护区来看,不同季节黑麂种群密度变化不明显(F_3,36=0.36,P>0.05)。食物空间分布的季节性变化可能是黑麂对海拔高度选择变化的重要原因,森林面积的丧失和偷猎是影响黑麂种群在该区稳定生存的主要因素。     

不同起始密度对3种赤潮微藻种群增长的影响

研究了不同起始密度下,赤潮异弯藻、亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻种群增长的特征。结果表明:3种赤潮藻的生长曲线可用逻辑斯谛增长模型拟合。不同的起始密度(0.2×104mL-1、0.4×104mL-1和0.8×104mL-1)对3种藻生长过程中进入指数生长期和静止期的时间、所达到的种群最大密度均有影响。随着起始密度的提高,3种藻进入指数生长期和静止期的时间缩短,但所达到的种群最大密度有降低的趋势。     

Tree plantations for restoration of degraded lands and greening of India: a case study of tree growers' cooperatives

India has over 100 m ha (million hectares) of village common lands. De jure, these lands are owned by the state but, de facto, they are used in common by villagers. Most of the village commons are degraded and denuded and are almost nonproductive. Several attempts have been made in the recent past to restore them through planting of trees by governmental and non-governmental organizations. Tree Growers' Co-operative Societies (TGCS), as an organisational innovation of relatively recent origin, have proved to be more cost-effective than other forms of organisations engaged in greening the village commons in India. This paper attempts to assess the financial viability of tree plantations carried out by three selected TGCS and to distil lessons of their experience useful for policy purposes. The study revealed that plantations founded by the sample TGCS were financially viable, and that the plantations had transformed the desolate village commons into 'green wealth'. The authors conclude that the TGCS have a high potential as an instrument for promoting the afforestation of India's degraded village common lands and thereby improving village economy and the quality of the environment.