Population Consequences of Environmental Sex Reversal

Abstract:  When sex determination in a species is predominantly genetic but environmentally reversible, exposure to (anthropogenic) changes in the environment can lead to shifts in a population's sex ratio. Such scenarios may be common in many fishes and amphibians, yet their ramifications remain largely unexplored. We used a simple model to study the (short-term) population consequences of environmental sex reversal (ESR). We examined the effects on sex ratios, sex chromosome frequencies, and population growth and persistence after exposure to environmental forces with feminizing or masculinizing tendencies. When environmental feminization was strong, X chromosomes were driven to extinction. Analogously, extinction of normally male-linked genetic factors (e.g., Y chromosomes) was caused by continuous environmental masculinization. Although moderate feminization was beneficial for population growth in the absence of large viability effects, our results suggest that the consequences of ESR are generally negative in terms of population size and the persistence of sex chromosomes. Extreme sex ratios resulting from high rates of ESR also reduced effective population sizes considerably. This may limit any evolutionary response to the deleterious effects of ESR. Our findings suggest that ESR changes population growth and sex ratios in some counter-intuitive ways and can change the predominant factor in sex determination from genetic to fully environmental, often within only a few tens of generations. Populations that lose genetic sex determination may quickly go extinct if the environmental forces that cause sex reversal cease.     

壬基酚对Americamysis bahia种群安全暴露基准浓度的确定

采用正态分布累积函数和幂函数,分别建立了壬基酚(NP)对Americamysis bahia多代种群暴露影响的浓度-种群周限增长率(λ)和浓度-种群内禀增长率(r)曲线,根据各自拟合的模型选择基准(MSC)值选择幂函数浓度-r曲线来估算种群安全暴露浓度.使用浓度-r曲线的浓度(r=0)的95%置信区间下限作为种群水平上的安全暴露基准浓度,确定了NP对Americamysis bahia种群多代安全暴露浓度(1.87μg·l-1).这个基准浓度要低于多代暴露实验所获得的NP的个体水平上的慢性繁殖毒性的安全浓度(12μg·l-1).     

城市生活垃圾问题研究的系统动力学方法

利用被称为战略与策略实验室的系统动力学方法,建立了城市生活垃圾问题的系统动力学研究模型;以北京市为实例,探讨了垃圾排放及污染随人口和经济发展的变化,以及污染和占地损失、绿色GDP核算、居民家庭、企事业单位生活垃圾与建筑垃圾组合收费方案等问题.     

Using NDVI to Assess Vegetative Land Cover Change in Central Puget Sound

We used the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in the rapidly growing Puget Sound region over three 5-year time blocks between 1986–1999 at three spatial scales in 42 Watershed Administrative Units (WAUs) to assess changes in the amounts and patterns of green vegetation. On average, approximately 20% of the area in each WAU experienced significant NDVI change over each 5-year time block. Cumulative NDVI change over 15 years (summing change over each 5-year time block) was an average of approximately 60% of each WAU, but was as high as 100% in some. At the regional scale, seasonal weather patterns and green-up from logging were the primary drivers of observed increases in NDVI values. At the WAU scale, anthropogenic factors were important drivers of both positive and negative NDVI change. For example, population density was highly correlated with negative NDVI change over 15 years (r = 0.66, P < 0.01), as was road density (r = 0.71, P < 0.01). At the smallest scale (within 3 case study WAUs) land use differences such as preserving versus harvesting forest lands drove vegetation change. We conclude that large areas within most watersheds are continually and heavily impacted by the high levels of human use and development over short time periods. Our results indicate that varying patterns and processes can be detected at multiple scales using changes in NDVIa values.     

单甲脒对作物种群结构和生物量的影响

采用模拟试验方法研究新农药单甲脒对棉花,大豆种群生物量和结构的影响,结果表明,单甲脒对作物种群生物量和结构的影响因浓度和作物种类不同,与对照比较,１０００倍稀释液处理的棉花,大豆地上和地下部分生物量都高于对照,有促进作用;１０倍处理的棉花地上,地下部分生物量明显低于对照,而大豆生物量５０倍已明显低于对照,单甲脒对作物生产结构的影响,１０００,５００,１００倍处理的棉花,有一定程度促进作用,以５００     

模拟池塘生态系统中单甲脒对微生物种群和存活的影响

研究了单甲脒（Ｎ－２,４－二甲苯基－Ｎ’－甲基甲脒,简称ＤＭＡ）对模拟池塘生态系统中微生物种群的影响,试验结果表明,投加单甲脒盐酸盐（ＤＭＡＨ）对底泥微生物种群无明显影响,而对水生微生物的最主要种群－－好氧异养菌总量则有明显促进的影响,微生物生长和存活试验表明,只有高于５０ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＤＭＡＨ对水中好氧异养菌的生长存活才有抑制作用,底泥中的好氧异养菌和未受污染的底泥酵母菌的ＤＭＡＨ抑制浓度也是５０ｍ     

乙草胺、甲胺磷及组合对农田黑土细菌种群生长及多样性的毒性效应

应用传统及分子微生物生态学16S rDNA-PCR DGGE(Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis)等研究方法,分别对不同浓度乙草胺、甲胺磷及其乙草胺-甲胺磷二元组合胁迫下黑土中细菌活细胞数量(CFU Colony Forming Units)、种群丰富度(Richness)及其结构变化规律进行了研究.结果表明:单因子乙草胺及甲胺磷对细菌CFU产生急性毒性效应,但是长期毒性效应不显著;高浓度乙草胺-甲胺磷的二元组合对细菌CFU产生复合毒性效应,其对细菌CFU的复合抑制率明显高于相应组合中各单因子.乙草胺对可培养自生固氮菌表现出强烈刺激的作用,甲胺磷表现为严重抑制作用;而所有乙草胺-甲胺磷二元组合却对自生固氮菌CFU表现为复合毒性效应,其复合毒性明显高于相应组合中各单因子对自生固氮菌的毒性效应.应用16S rDNA-PCR DGGE技术研究结果显示:乙草胺、甲胺磷及乙草胺-甲胺磷组合不同程度地降低了黑土中细菌种群在分子水平上的丰富度,并使其种群组成和结构均发生了显著变化.     

二龙山水库水体富营养化的研究

以水质监测资料为基础,选择营养度指数法对黑龙江省宾县境内的二龙山水库水质的营养状况进行了综合评价,并对水库同期的浮游藻类进行了详细调查,结果表明:二龙山水库的水质已初步富营养化.针对调查结果,并结合该地的实际情况提出了削减N,P污染物的实施途径.      

福建农业发展时段的可持续性分析及其启示

本文引入“狭义”可持续发展的概念,对福建近50年（1952－1998年）人口与粮食的动态变化一时序分析,探讨了福建农业发展的可持续性,最后提出几点建议,以期对福建农业发展有所裨益。     

21世纪我国国土资源可持续利用的形势及战略措施

本文分析了我国国土资源可持续利用的形势,指出了国土资源在经济发展中的地位和作用,提出了国土资源可持续利用的任务和战略措施。