Statistical Methodologies Used to Calculate Urbanization Rates in China

To analyze China’s actual urbanization level, we iden- tified two statistical approaches: using the population living within the administrative boundaries (administrative-based method) and within the urbanized or built-up areas (infrastructure-based method) of cities and towns as urban population. To illustrate the two approaches and the associated problems, we used data for Tangshan City as a case study. The estimates on the administrative-based method were unreliable and the infrastructurebased method pro...     

Research on the Variation of Population Distribution and Its Characteristics Based on Spatial Autocorrelation Method: A Case Study of Poyang Lake Region in Jiangxi Province

According to Statistical Yearbook of Jiangxi Province (2001-2006), We analyze the time-space variation of population distribution of Poyang Lake region from the two points of view.The former is quality of population, which involves culture struc-ture, occupational structure, age structure and sex structure of pop-ulation. The latter is quantity of population, which only involves the amount of population. Furthermore, we can reveal the internal relations and action mechanism of variation of population distribu-tion by analyzing the regional economic development, population urbanization, land use and ecological landscape of Poyang Lake region. It is important to provide help for region planning, ecological landscape planning and environmental protection by correct understanding the man-land relationship of natural-human ecosys-tem in Poyang Lake region.     

基于农业用地和地形约束的陇南山区适宜人口规模估算

陇南山区地形复杂,耕地不足,经济贫困,人口对资源环境的压力较大。研究适度人口容量对于地震灾后重建、缓解贫困以及保护长江上游的生态安全具有重要意义。以人均粮食和经济水平两个指标来估算温饱、宽裕和小康3个水平上的人口承载量,测度人口和农业资源的关系。并基于地形复杂度计算劳动用工及可抚养人口。结果表明：目前陇南10县(区)的人口在温饱生活水平下尚有超载。以小康生活为标准,适宜人口规模约为135万。经营现有的农耕地和林地需要100.81万劳动力,可抚养人口191.54万人,加上城镇人口总人口为 231.03万。这个人口规模实现温饱有余而宽裕不足,难达小康目标。“人口 农业用地 劳动力”之间形成了一个怪圈,决定了陇南山区农村实现小康目标的艰巨性和复杂性。为此,陇南山区的灾后重建和区域可持续发展需要创新思路,多方并举.     

贵州岩下自然保护区的野生大鲵资源现状及历史动态

为了解野生大鲵在喀斯特区域的分布规律与种群历史动态,于2006年6月份、2007年8、10月份对长江支系沅江水域的贵州省贵定县岩下省级自然保护区野生大鲵（〖WTBX〗Andrias davidianus〖WTBZ〗）种群资源状况与捕获量进行了调查,并对繁殖洞穴涌苗现象进行了分析。初步查明岩下野生大鲵种群集中分布在一个以地下水域为依托,地面水网与地下河流相连的集中区域,栖息地由地下（洞穴）与地面水域广布缩小到以地下水域为主;根据繁殖洞穴的鲵苗涌出量与大鲵繁殖特征,推算岩下野生大鲵种群密度约为0085 kg/m2,总资源量约为1 700 kg;捕获量表明,种群数量在20世纪80年代末后急剧减少,90年代中期至2000年后,数量变化趋于缓和。岩下保护区野生大鲵分布的集中性、生境自然条件的优越性以及繁殖洞穴的大规模涌苗现象在全国均属少见。由于受到外在致危因素影响,大鲵的生境遭到破坏、种群生存受胁,亟待加强资源的保护与管理。     

SPATIAL PATTERNS OF POPULATION IN SHANGHAI BASED ON SPATIAL-STATISTICS

汉江上游是南水北调中线水源地,流域生态环境建设是保障水源地水质安全的关键。针对上游流域水环境污染、土地利用以及水土流失等重大生态环境问题,结合流域数字高程模型及水质调查对其进行了系统分析。结果表明：（1）丹江流域、库区流域及汉中盆地水质较差,CODMn和氨氮成为水源区主要污染物;（2）各子流域区植被覆盖占各自面积的712%~957%,表明流域植被覆盖较好,但沿河岸100 m范围内农业用地占292%~434%,且多为坡耕地;（3）流域水土流失严重,2000年左右流域侵蚀图显示汉江源头、秦岭南及大巴山北均出现了大片年均侵蚀模数>2 200 t/km2的区域,且有日益增强的趋势。提出加大水环境污染整治力度、加强农业用肥管理及河岸带建设、水土保持建设以及加强流域水环境及水土保持监测和科研工作等对策。     

总体样本风速风向联合概率分析方法

提出了针对总体样本的风速风向联合分布的实用统计分析方法。假定任意给定风向上的风速符合某一概型分布、风向间的关联以风速资料的相对发生频率反映、不同风向间的概型参数及频率分布的变化满足谐波函数,在此基础上,利用风速风向资料的总体样本可以得到一个能够反映任意方向的风速风向联合分布函数。利用澳门地区的百年风资料与某风站连续5年的风速观测记录,对该方法的可行性进行了验证。分析表明,该方法具有一定的适用性,便于结构的抗风可靠性分析,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

应用在线控制优化污泥种群强化A/O工艺短程硝化

应用A/O中试试验装置处理实际生活污水,研究了在线过程控制对微生物种群活性和结构的影响,分子生物学FISH检测表明,污泥种群的优化是可能的也是有效的,基于DO、pH传感器在线信息动态控制DO浓度和曝气量可以实现系统中亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）的淘洗,从而获得稳定的短程硝化反应.应用过程控制不但可实现污泥种群优化,提高系统脱氮效率,而且可最大程度的节约运行费用.     

中国高分辨率近地面NO2浓度反演

通过分析2010年全国333个县级以上城市卫星遥感的NO2对流层年均柱浓度与地面实际观测浓度之间的相关性,发现两者具有一定的线性相关性(r=0.54,n=333),并建立了NO2"遥感柱浓度"与"地面观测浓度"之间的关联方程,通过该方程反演了中国0.125°分辨率近地面NO2污染分布特征。结果表明,全国近地面NO2浓度超过《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)要求的年均浓度二级标准(0.04 mg/m3)的区域约为5.95万平方千米,超标地区主要集中在华北平原、长三角地区、四川盆地和珠三角地区,这些地区NO2污染水平远高于333个城市的年平均值(0.028 mg/m3)。NO2污染极不平衡,以大中型城市为中心的区域污染特征显著。NO2人口加权浓度分析结果表明,NO2人口加权浓度高值区主要集中在能源消费量大、机动车保有量大及人口密集的地区,全国约5.7%的人口暴露在NO2超标区域。     

Opposing selective pressures on hatching asynchrony: egg viability, brood reduction, and nestling growth

At least 19 hypotheses have been proposed to explain the evolutionary significance of avian hatching asynchrony, and hatching patterns have been suggested to be the result of several simultaneous selective pressures. Hatching asynchrony was experimentally modified in the black kite Milvus migrans by manipulating the onset of incubation during the laying period. Delayed onset of incubation reduced egg viability of first-laid eggs, especially when ambient temperature during the laying period was high. Brood reduction (nestling mortality by starvation or siblicide) was more commonly observed in asynchronous nests. The growth rate was slower in synchronous broods, probably due to stronger sibling rivalry in broods with high size symmetry. Last-hatched chicks in synchronous broods fledged at a small size/mass, while in control broods, hatching order affected growth rates, but not final size. Brood reduction, variable growth rates, and the ability to face long periods of food scarcity are probably mechanisms to adjust productivity to stochastic food availability in a highly opportunistic predator. The natural pattern of hatching asynchrony may be the consequence of opposing selective forces. Extreme hatching synchrony is associated with slow growth rates, small final size of last-hatched chicks, and low viability of first-laid eggs, while extreme hatching asynchrony is associated with high mortality rates. Females seem to facultatively manipulate the degree of hatching asynchrony according to those pressures, because hatching asynchrony of control clutches was positively correlated with temperature during laying, and negatively correlated with the rate of rabbit consumption. Received: 25 October 1999 / Revised: 30 May 2000 / Accepted: 25 June 2000