黔西北煤矿煤层气的开发及其环保正效益

在综述煤层气对于煤矿安全生产以及环境危害的基础上,从保护环境、缓解能源紧张、延长煤层气的产业链、减少瓦斯危害等多个角度综合分析了煤层气开发所带来的巨大效益,并以黔西北煤矿为例,叙述了煤层气的资源量现状及其地质特征等基本情况。简述了目前我国煤层气的开发现状,并提出了四条增产措施,这些措施必将对推动贵州省经济与环境的可持续发展,加快贵州省工业强省步伐起到积极作用。     

The morality behind sustainability

The concepts of sustainable agriculture, organic agriculture, regenerative agriculture, and alternative agriculture are receiving increasing attention in the academic and popular literature on present trends and future directions of agriculture. Whatever the reasons for this interest, there nevertheless remain differences of opinion concerning what counts as a sustainable agriculture. One of the reasons for these differences is that the moral underpinnings of a policy of sustainability are not clear. By understanding the moral obligatoriness of sustainability, we can come to understand precisely what must be sustained, and by implication, how. This article discusses the arguments that can be advanced for sustaining anything and initially concludes that our obligations to future generations entail sustaining more than just sufficient food production or an adequate resource base. Indeed, a tradition of care and community must underlie whatever agricultural and resource strategies we are to develop under the rubric of sustainability. A consideration of the larger social and environmental system in which agriculture operates and the constraints this system places on agriculture forces us to recognize that sustainability has to do with larger institutional issues, including our ability to incorporate our common morality democratically into our institutions, practices, and technologies.     

基于PMF模型的土壤重金属源解析中变量敏感性研究

为探究应用受体模型对土壤污染物进行源解析,输入变量对模型运行及其结果的影响,以乐安河中上游地区土壤重金属调查数据作为典型受体模型（PMF模型）的输入数据集,并在PMF模型基础方案运行结果的基础上,采用局部敏感性分析法来探讨输入变量变化对模型诊断及源识别结果的影响.结果表明：6因子数情景是研究区土壤重金属源解析PMF模型最佳运行结果;土壤中Cu、Mo、Na₂O、As、Mn和Cd等参数属于敏感变量,这些变量均为每个因子中的主要载荷元素,即每个源的特征污染物;不同变量的敏感性有较大差异,Cu、Mo的总敏感性最大,分别为12.1,8.2,大于其他输入变量的敏感性.因此,在应用PMF模型进行源解析时,特征污染物是敏感性较强的变量,其数据质量的优劣是影响源解析结果可靠性的重要因素.     

天津市郊夏季VOCs化学特征及其时间精细化的来源解析

夏季为环境空气中臭氧污染事件的频发时期,针对挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)及其臭氧生成潜势(OFP)的时间精细化的来源解析研究,对有效地进行臭氧污染防控具有非常重要的作用.利用2019年夏季(6～8月)天津市郊区点位监测的小时分辨率VOCs在线数据,分析臭氧污染事件和非臭氧污染时期环境受体中VOCs及其OFP的变化特征,并利用正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型进行精细化的来源解析研究.结果表明,夏季环境受体中VOCs平均体积分数为24.42×10-9,臭氧污染事件中的VOCs平均体积分数为27.72×10-9,较非臭氧污染时期增加15.69％.夏季总VOCs(TVOCs)的OFP为87.92×10-9,其中烯烃的OFP最高,对TVOCs的OFP的贡献达58.28％.臭氧污染事件中TVOCs的OFP为102.68×10-9,较非臭氧污染时期增加19.59％.臭氧污染事件中VOCs的来源分别为石化工业及汽油挥发(29.44％)、柴油车尾气(23.52％)、液化石油气及汽油车尾气(22.00％)、天然气及燃烧(13.41％)、溶剂使用(6.14％)和植物排放(5.49％).相比于非臭氧污染时期,液化石油气及汽油车尾气和柴油车尾气分别增长4.84％和5.29％.石化工业及汽油挥发和植物排放的贡献均表现为08:00开始上升,11:00达到最高,这与太阳辐射增强和温度不断上升密切相关.液化石油气及汽油车尾气和柴油车尾气均具有明显的早晚高峰特征,并在夜间(00:00～06:00)保持较高贡献水平.根据PMF结果并结合OFP的计算方法,解析了不同源类对臭氧生成潜势的 贡献.石化工业及汽油挥发(31.01％)和柴油车尾气(36.64％)是较高贡献源类,相比非臭氧污染时期分别增加了 1.74％和8.27％;并且石化工业及汽油挥发贡献率在臭氧污染事件发生过程的上升阶段显著增加,而在下降阶段明显下降.     

基于PMF-PCA/APCS与PERI的菏泽油用牡丹种植区表层土壤重金属潜在来源识别及生态风险评估

研究特色农产品产区土壤重金属来源及其潜在风险,对科学管理、安全利用土壤和作物资源具有重要意义.以菏泽油用牡丹种植区为研究对象,采集并测定了254件表层土壤样品As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn等8种重金属的含量.采用多元统计法分析了重金属的含量特征及相关性,利用地累积指数（I_geo）、正定矩阵因子分解法（PMF）和主成分分析/绝对主成分分数法（PCA/APCS）相结合的手段解析了表层土壤中重金属的来源,借助潜在生态风险指数（PERI）对该8种重金属的生态风险进行了评估.结果表明,土壤中除Cd元素的平均值高于菏泽市背景值1.44倍之外,其余7种重金属的平均含量均与菏泽市土壤元素背景值基本一致;经相关分析和聚类分析,土壤中Pb、Hg和Cd元素受后期人为活动的干扰影响较大;研究区8种重金属的来源为自然源、农业化肥源、工业燃煤源和生活交通源,贡献率分别为81.31%、15.45%、2.74%和0.50%;研究区84.25%的点位处于轻微生态风险,而中度风险和强风险点位占比分别为14.96%和0.79%,其中Cd和Hg是研究区生态风险主导元素.     

江淮流域大洪水的因子分析及成因链初步构造

结合 1998年长江流域的特大洪水 ,提出了洪水成因链的概念 ,分析了各个物理因子对江淮洪水的影响。指出影响江淮洪水的物理因子都是层层相接、环环相扣的 ,它们组成了一个互相联系、互为因果的洪水成因链。成因链上物理因子之间的正反馈作用和消长作用 ,导致成因链上各个因子的致洪理论都不能完全地自圆其说 ,因而也无法完全确定地用于洪水预测。只有深入探讨洪水成因链上物理因子之间的正反馈作用和消长作用 ,对它们进行全面综合的诊断分析 ,才能提高江淮洪水预测的准确率。     

伊宁市空气中硫酸盐化速率与二氧化硫相关性研究

对伊宁市1999-2002年空气中硫酸盐化速率和二氧化硫监测值进行回归分析,结果表明,二者之间存在显著的线性正相关关系,但对各年度回归方程斜率和截距进行统计检验,则表现出显著的差异。     

Measuring implicit psychological constructs in organizational behavior: An example using psychological capital

Implicit psychological constructs are effective predictors of behavioral outcomes but are rarely used in organizational settings because of real or imagined problems with measurement validity and administration. To address these concerns, we present a means of assessing implicit constructs quickly and easily by using psychological capital as an example. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北京市大气细粒子的来源分析

细粒子(空气动力学直径小于2.5μm的颗粒物)污染是许多城市重要的大气环境问题.从1999年至2000年对北京市细粒子展开了4次采样和化学分析,有效采样天数为40d.利用正定矩阵分解(PMF)方法对细粒子的来源进行了分析.化学成分包括EC(元素碳)、有机物、SO₄^2-、F^-、Cl^-、Fe、Ca、K、Mg、Al、Na、Zn、Mn、Ti、Pb、Ba和P等17种.发现主要来源有6类:地面扬尘、建筑源、生物质燃烧、二次源、机动车排放和燃煤.     

Validation of the positive health behaviours scale: a nationwide survey of nurses in Poland

Purpose. The aim was to adjust the positive health behaviours scale (PHBS) to make it suitable for use by nurses, and to validate the new version of the tool. Methods. A previously formulated PHBS was modified. The scale comprises 29 statements describing certain positive health behaviours in four subscales: nutrition, physical activity, relaxation and behaviours related to mental health, and preventive behaviours. The scale was enriched with items on avoiding risky behaviours and a question regarding respondents’ own assessment of their care for health. Analyses were conducted of reliability, construct validity, criterion validity and dimensionality of subscales. The questionnaire was completed by 1017 nurses. Results. Cronbach's α reached 0.844 for the entire scale and 0.623–0.761 for specific subscales. Empirical data did not confirm theoretical assumptions regarding the existence of a four-element structure of the PHBS. The scale's diagnostic criteria were validated on the basis of positive results of correlation and trend analysis. Only one of the subscales proved homogeneous and could be considered unidimensional. Conclusions. The results confirmed the high internal consistency of the scale and its subscales. The factor structure of the PHBS was equivocal. The PHBS could be used in workplace-based health promotion programmes designed for nurses.