基于PMF模型的兰州耕地土壤重金属来源解析

为了分析Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As、Cu、Zn、Ni等8种重金属的污染状况、空间分布及污染来源.2019年9月共采集382个兰州耕地表层土壤样品,并测定其重金属含量.结果表明：①兰州市耕地土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As、Cu、Zn、Ni的平均含量分别为20.96,0.24,0.05,6.40,8.36,48.57,101.92,34.34mg/kg,其中Hg的均值超过国家土壤污染风险筛选值,Cd、Hg、Cu、Zn、Ni的均值超过兰州市土壤背景值.内罗梅综合指数表明研究区耕地52.62%样点呈现轻度污染,37.70%样点呈现中度污染,3.66%样点呈现重度污染,无重金属污染的样点占6.02%.潜在生态风险指数表明13.09%的样点属于轻微生态风险,68.85%的样点属于中等生态风险,17.54%的样点属于强生态风险,0.52%的样点属于很强生态风险.②基于PMF模型可知8种重金属有4种主要来源,其中Pb、Cd、Zn、Ni以交通运输源为主,贡献率分别为52.4%、50.7%、56.7%和50.2%;Hg以农业活动和医疗设备源为主,贡献率为83.7%;Cr、Cu和Ni以自然源为主,贡献率分别为81.2%和61.3%和49.8%;As以工业活动源为主,贡献率为68.3%.③从空间分布来看,研究区内除Cr外,Pb、Cd、As、Cu、Zn、Ni在城关区和七里河区都有高值区出现,其中Zn和Ni的高值范围较广,可能与人为影响有关;Hg在城关区、安宁区、七里河区以外的研究区内均有高值出现.     

基于PMF模型解析九龙江河口表层沉积物重金属来源

为研究九龙江河口表层沉积物中重金属来源,分析测定了表层沉积物中15种重金属含量,并用正定矩阵因子分析模型(PMF)解析表层沉积物中重金属来源。结果表明,九龙江河口表层沉积物中大部分重金属相对福建省土壤环境背景值已存在一定程度的富集。各重金属在研究区域分布差异较大,其中Co、Rb和Th属于低分异; Be、V、Ni、Zn、Sr、Mo、Cd、Pb、Hg和U属于中等分异; Cr和Cu属于高分异。沉积物中重金属实测值与PMF模型预测值拟合曲线呈现较好相关性,PMF模型结果与铅同位素示踪结果相近,能满足研究需要。九龙江河口表层沉积物中重金属主要来源有自然源、化石燃料燃烧、农业活动和采矿活动,其对表层沉积物中重金属的综合贡献率分别为35. 6%、32. 5%、11. 2%和20. 7%。     

太原市夏季降水中溶解态重金属特征及来源

为了解太原市大气降水中溶解态重金属污染特征及来源,采用干湿沉降自动采样器采集了太原市2013~2015年夏季61场降水样品,使用ICP-MS测定了其中12种溶解态重金属,并对其浓度水平、湿沉降通量及来源进行分析.结果表明,太原市2013~2015年夏季降水p H值范围为4.34~7.95,降水量加权平均值为5.37.溶解态重金属平均浓度为236.931μg·L-1(范围66.324~1 029.212μg·L-1),主要元素是Zn和Fe,占总浓度的53.39%.12种溶解态重金属的湿沉降总通量为1.735mg·(m2·d)-1.降水中Ba、Cu、Sr、Zn、As、Cd和Pb的富集因子大于100,受到严重的人为源影响.PMF模型分析表明太原市夏季降水中重金属的主要来源为钢铁冶金、燃煤源、机动车源和地面扬尘,贡献率分别为38.34%、23.06%、20.45%和18.15%.气团的后向轨迹分析表明西南气团和东南气团对太原市夏季降水贡献最大,分别达到38%和35%,运城-临汾-晋中和晋城-长治-晋中的南部工业源污染应该引起重视.     

南阳市冬春交替期大气VOCs污染特征及来源解析

近年来我国中部地区臭氧污染问题日益凸显,而挥发性有机物(VOCs)作为近地面臭氧生成的关键前体物,有关其来源研究相较于我国东部地区相对欠缺.为了解我国中部地区VOCs污染特征及其来源,本研究于2017年2—3月在豫鄂陕三省交界处的河南省南阳市南阳理工学院站点开展了为期1个月的VOCs在线监测.测量结果显示,观测期间总VOCs平均浓度为(37.4±18.5)×10~(-9).与国内外已有研究的VOCs测量结果相比,本研究中烷烃、烯烃和炔烃的浓度处于中等偏上水平,而芳香烃浓度则较低.烯烃对臭氧潜势的贡献最高(37%),其次是芳香烃(28%).乙烯、二甲苯、甲苯、丙烯和C4~C5烷烃是最重要的活性组分.利用正交矩阵因子分析(PMF)解析出4个因子,分别是天然气/液化石油气使用+背景、交通排放、溶剂涂料使用和燃煤+生物质燃烧.观测期间南阳理工学院站点对VOCs浓度贡献最高的是燃煤+生物质燃烧因子,平均贡献率为35%,其次是交通排放因子(25%)、天然气/LPG使用+背景(23%)和溶剂涂料使用(17%).研究结果对于认识我国中部地区VOCs来源结构,进而开展VOCs和臭氧防治具有重要意义.     

基于环境外部经济性的环境治理手段——以滇池白鱼河河口湿地地块的模拟案例为例

为了解决湿地建设投资渠道的问题,提出了利用环境外部经济性来改善和保护环境的发展思路。其重点是将湿地从普通概念上的公共产品转化为一段时限内的经营性项目,利用某种经营项目所产生的对环境的外部经济性来改善环境。为了验证上述思路的可行性,结合滇池湿地现状,利用湿地的自然景观价值,通过企业对这种生态景观环境的资源化利用过程,即湿地景观建设和管养,增强对污染水体的治理等角度进行了实际模拟实验。     

前期晴天时间对城市降雨径流污染水质的影响

识别影响城市降雨径流污染的主要因子是城市降雨径流污染治理和管理的前提和基础.为此,从2006年5月开始,选择镇江具有代表性的土地使用类型监测城市地表径流水质,分析前期晴天时间对城市地表降雨径污染物的影响.结果表明,随着前期晴天时间的增加,径流中粒径<40 μm的颗粒物粒径体积分数增加;径流中主要水质参数(TN、TP、Zn、Pb、Cu、TSS和COD)与前期晴天时间呈显著正相关,初期地表径流中溶解态污染物增加,说明前期晴天时间是影响城市径流污染浓度和形态的主要因子,从而为城市降雨径流污染的控制和治理提供科学依据.     

希夏邦马峰北坡达索普冰川区冰、雪、河水的化学特征

１９９７－０９～１９９７－１０间在希峰地区达索普冰川采集的４类水样（表层雪、冰塔冰、冰面河水和河水）的实测资料表明,本区各类水体ｐＨ值的大小顺序为：河水＞冰面河水＞冰塔冰＞表层雪．表层雪和冰面河水所测的阴离子中以ＮＯ－３为最大,而冰塔冰样品以Ｃｌ－最大;阳离子含量基本上以Ｃａ２＋为主．ＳＯ２－４、Ｃａ２＋、Ｍｇ２＋、电导率和ｐＨ值都与所测的阴、阳离子总量有较好的相关关系,随所测的阴、阳离子总量升高而增大．表层雪的电导率、Ｎａ＋、Ｃｌ－、所测的阴、阳离子总量和ＳＯ２－４与海拔高度都有较好的相关关系,随着海拔高度上升而上升．     

Thriving at work: Impact of psychological capital and supervisor support

Thriving at work is a positive psychological state characterized jointly by learning and vitality. Conventional wisdom and some initial research indicate that such thriving benefits both employees themselves and their organizations. This study specifically tests thriving at work by linking it to a theoretically important personal outcome variable (self‐development), refining its relationship with agentic work behaviors (task focus and heedful relating), and proposing and testing two new antecedent variables (psychological capital and supervisor support climate). Using structural equation modeling on a sample of 198 dyads (employees and their supervisors), strong support was found for the theory‐driven hypothesized relationships. The results contribute to a better understanding of positive organizational scholarship and behavior in general and specifically to the recently emerging positive construct of employees' thriving at work. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

正压呼吸器防尘系统在岩巷综掘工作面的应用

针对矿井岩巷综掘工作面产尘量大,常规降尘措施不理想,一般呼吸面罩无法有效降低工作面作业人员对粉尘吸收的问题,研制了正压呼吸器防尘系统,并在岩巷综掘工作面底抽巷进行了现场试验。试验结果表明:使用正压呼吸器防尘系统除尘效率达到了70.82%,不使用时除尘效率仅为42.01%,不仅有效降低了工作面的粉尘浓度,改善职工作业环境,而且保证了工作面作业人员对新鲜空气的需求,减少了粉尘对职工身体的危害。     

Supporting conservationists’ mental health through better working conditions

Biodiversity conservation work can be challenging but rewarding, and both aspects have potential consequences for conservationists’ mental health. Yet, little is known about patterns of mental health among conservationists and its associated workplace protective and risk factors. A better understanding might help improve working conditions, supporting conservationists’ job satisfaction, productivity, and engagement, while reducing costs from staff turnover, absenteeism, and presenteeism. We surveyed 2311 conservation professionals working in 122 countries through an internet survey shared via mailing lists, social media, and other channels. We asked them about experiences of psychological distress, working conditions, and personal characteristics. Over half were from and worked in Europe and North America, and most had a university-level education, were in desk-based academic and practitioner roles, and responded in English. Heavy workload, job demands, and organizational instability were linked to higher distress, but job stability and satisfaction with one's contributions to conservation were associated with lower distress. Respondents with low dispositional and conservation-specific optimism, poor physical health, and limited social support, women, and early-career professionals were most at risk of distress in our sample. Our results flag important risk factors that employers could consider, although further research is needed among groups underrepresented in our sample. Drawing on evidence-based occupational health interventions, we suggest measures that could promote better working conditions and thus may improve conservationists’ mental health and abilities to protect nature.