多尺度网络视角下企业产业扶贫资源跨区域配置及减贫效应

扶贫网络研究有助于解构扶贫资源的跨区域配置方式,挖掘扶贫要素的空间适配机制,对于巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接有一定借鉴意义。基于上市公司精准扶贫数据构建了区域间的扶贫关联网络,运用社会网络分析法及地理加权回归（GWR）模型分析了多尺度扶贫网络格局、网络结构及其减贫效应,得到结论如下：（1）多尺度视角下的网络格局的空间异质性明显,企业的扶贫行为趋于空间邻近区域,空间指向性较强,城市间的精准扶贫关联网络呈现由“少核互联”的较稀疏网络向“多核交织”的密集型网络演进。地理距离对企业扶贫的约束仍然存在,但约束性逐渐降低。（2）扶贫关联网络复杂度不断强化,净溢出、经纪人、净受益和双向溢出四个板块间的溢出效应明显。（3）扶贫关联网络中扶贫多元化提升、区域连接数增加、区域联系强度增强及区域节点中介性提升对产业扶贫效应的发挥具有促进作用。     

基于贫困识别和精准帮扶的种植业产业效率——来自家庭微观数据的证据

产业帮扶是精准扶贫的重要内容,贫困识别及精准帮扶对扶贫产业效率的影响值得深入研究。基于重庆市石柱土家族自治县534个农户的调研数据,运用经典统计学分析框架检验了贫困识别和精准帮扶后村域之间及农户之间的种植业产业效率差异,并分析了差异形成的关键因素。结果表明：（1）贫困识别及精准帮扶显著促进了种植业产业效率的提高,贫困村的效率绝对值高于非贫困村,脱贫户的效率绝对值高于贫困户;（2）政策因素是造成贫困村与非贫困村、贫困户与脱贫户之间种植业效率差异显著的关键因素,其中,道路等基础设施建设及特色种植业对贫困村、脱贫户的影响尤为突出;（3）年龄对贫困地区种植业产业效率的影响呈现“U”型趋势,55~60岁属于产业效率提升的拐点;（4）高中及以上教育水平会促进种植业产业效率的提高,但农户仅具有不等年限的义务教育阶段受教育水平对其效率提升作用不明显。建议继续实施产业帮扶政策并建立绩效考核长效机制,确保贫困人口经济收入的稳步增长,缓解贫困村与非贫困村及贫困户与非贫困户间发展失衡的矛盾;提升贫困地区农业劳动力的人力资本水平可以提高扶贫产业效率。     

贫困的“物以类聚”：中国的农村空间贫困陷阱及其识别

理解贫困陷阱及其成因是理解减贫机制,进而理解贫困治理的基础。早期的实证研究注重从收入的角度研究农村贫困,较新的研究开始关注“空间外部性”对农村贫困的影响。然而,要正确识别农村的“贫困陷阱”,就需要对上述两个维度同时进行解释。鉴于此,运用中国县级层面的面板数据,从聚集与持久两个维度对中国的农村贫困陷阱进行了识别。研究结果表明：2006—2016年,中国农村的贫困空间格局几乎没有变化,并且贫困的空间分布与经济增长也并非是同步的,贫困县的分布主要与地形（坡度、海拔）因素有关;进一步研究还发现,中国的农村贫困具有持久性,贫困县收入存在低水平的均衡,贫困县与非贫困县之间存在收入的“俱乐部收敛”。本文揭示了空间外部性与农村贫困之间的关系,为正确评估经济发展与扶贫开发,合理制定区域反贫困瞄准机制提供了支持。     

Soil Conservation and Consumption Risk in a Model of Low-Income Agriculture

This paper investigates the influence of consumptionrisk on incentives for soil conservation. A dynamicmodel is developed to show how investments in soilconservation affect consumption risk on small farmsand how these risks influence incentives for soilconservation. Model predictions are compared withobserved patterns of soil conservation adoption in thePhilippines. Results show that on small farms the riskof consumption shortfall generates inefficientpatterns of soil conservation adoption. Observedadoption patterns reflect risk characteristics of thesoil conservation method, differences in risk exposureamong farms, and differences in farm size.     

Safeguarding livelihoods or exacerbating poverty? Artisanal mining and formalization in West Africa

In recent years, policy mechanisms to support a formalized artisanal and small‐scale mining (ASM) sector in sub‐Saharan Africa have gained increasing currency. Proponents of formalization argue that most social and environmental problems associated with the sector stem from the fact that ASM is predominantly unregulated and operates outside the legal sphere. This paper critically examines recent efforts to formalize artisanal and small‐scale mining in West Africa, drawing upon recent fieldwork carried out in Sierra Leone, Ghana and Mali. In exploring the sector's livelihood dimensions, the analysis suggests that bringing unregulated, informal mining activities into the legal domain remains a considerable challenge. The paper concludes by confirming the urgent need to refocus formalization strategies on the main livelihood challenges and constraints of small‐scale miners themselves, if poverty is to be alleviated and more benefits are to accrue to depressed communities in mineral‐rich regions.     

更新观念转换机制开创防震减灾工作新局面

本文介绍了海淀区地震办公室几年来在防震减灾工作中,更新观念,转换机制,开创防震减灾工作新局面所做的工作,在防灾减灾科普教育基地,举办"北京海淀首届城市防震减灾(国际)论坛",建设海淀公共安全馆,建设避难场所、志愿者队伍和社会力量动员等方面取得的显著成绩.对于各地区地震办公室的工作开展,有-定的学习和借鉴意义.     

Causes of energy poverty in a cold and resource-rich country: evidence from Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is an upper-middle-income country and one of the coldest countries in the world with rich energy resources and energy prices considerably lower than in developed countries. This paper presents the first comprehensive overview of household fuel use in Kazakhstan and assesses the causes and extent of energy poverty using the Households Living Conditions Survey dataset of 12,000 households. The results show that there is an overwhelming reliance on coal in Kazakhstan: 40% of all surveyed households use coal for heating, cooking and other needs. In general, liquefied petroleum gas is mainly used for cooking, coal and firewood for heating, while electricity is rarely used for heating. Energy poverty was less prevalent in oil and gas rich regions, due to low gas prices and higher income levels in those regions, while households located in the North Kazakhstan, Central and East Kazakhstan mainly suffer from lack of cleaner fuel options, income poverty, longer and colder winters and consequently energy affordability. Despite low energy prices in Kazakhstan, the results demonstrate that 28% of surveyed households spend more than 10% of their income on energy. Gas and district heating infrastructure coverage and income inequality across its regions contributed the most to energy poverty in Kazakhstan. Energy prices are regulated and indirectly subsidised. Removing energy subsidies alone may worsen energy affordability of households. Offering direct subsidies to cover part of the energy expenditures may not fully solve the problem, but subsidies, interventions for efficient technologies and fuels, dwelling energy-efficiency improvements are necessary.     

Capturing change in European food assistance practices: a transformative social innovation perspective

The food system’s decreasing ability to deliver food security has led to the emergence of food assistance initiatives. Food assistance is highly contested; as some argue, it is a “failure of the state”, while others regard food assistance to be an “extension of the welfare state”. Either way, research suggests that actors within food assistance are rethinking their role in the food system. In this paper, we study three food assistance initiatives, in the Netherlands, Italy and Ireland, that perform new food assistance practices while embedded in specific institutional contexts, and analyse their potential to transform the food system, drawing on Transformative Social Innovation theory. Building on transition and social innovation theory, this recently developed theory distinguishes different levels within systems, named “shades of change”, that are associated with societal transformation. By exploring these “shades” of change in the analysis, we describe aspects of the initiatives’ novel practices, and in relation to the initiative and institutional relations their motivations and expectations. We compare the three cases and discuss how food assistance practices relate to and change (or do not change) the food system. In particular, we elaborate on how these three food assistance initiatives contribute in various ways to local food and welfare system innovation. In doing so, we offer a novel perspective on food assistance initiatives. We argue that they show dynamics that have the potential for more substantial transformation towards food security over time, by building momentum through “small wins”.     

坚持理论与时俱进 促进防震减灾事业全面健康发展

本文结合当前共产党员先进性教育活动，贯彻科学发展观，从本地实际出发，就坚持理论，把握规律，创新思路，全面促进防震减灾事业发展的有关理论和实践问题进行了分析、探讨。     

精准扶贫与生态补偿的对接机制及典型途径——基于林业的案例分析

生态补偿是我国生态建设、环境保护领域的一项重要政策,精准扶贫是我国促进区域协调发展、确保贫困人口如期脱贫的重要举措,两者在客体、主体、载体、标准、方式及途径等方面存在对接点。国家提出“通过生态补偿脱贫一批”,各区域也结合实际情况,将生态补偿与精准扶贫相结合开展了相关工作。当前,中国精准扶贫与生态补偿的对接途径主要有贫困人口与生态补偿对象、扶贫地域与生态补偿地区、产业扶贫与生态补偿措施、贫困程度与生态补偿标准、扶贫政策与生态补偿需求等方面的对接,各有其内涵及特征。为进一步促进精准扶贫与生态补偿的对接发展,可从加强理论研究、明晰对接方向及重点、夯实公众基础、创新发展途径等方面采取措施。