西南喀斯特地区的开发潜力、制约因素及其战略措施

全面分析了中国西南喀斯特地区的开发潜力和制约其发展的 6个因素 ,提出了开发西南喀斯特地区的 5大战略措施     

生态系统娱乐文化价值的评估研究——兼谈对我国贫困地区的意义

娱乐文化功能是生态系统向人类提供的重要服务功能之一。研究生态系统娱乐文化价值是研究生态系统服务功能的一个重要方面。了解娱乐文化价值的重要性对我国生态系统脆弱但旅游资源丰富的贫困地区的发展具有重要意义。阐述了生态系统娱乐文化价值的内涵与构成，利用国内外有关娱乐文化价值评估的数据资料，总结得出了娱乐文化价值量的重要性，并说明了其评估方法。最后提出了解决我国生态脆弱但旅游资源丰富的贫困地区的可持续发展之路——发展生态旅游，以及生态旅游管理的措施和建议。     

生态环境行业扶贫绩效量化评估方法初探:以承德市围场满族蒙古族自治县为例

2020年是决胜脱贫攻坚战的关键之年,近20多年来,生态环境部门主动发挥行业特色,开展了大量坚实有效的行业扶贫工作,科学客观地评价生态环境部门的扶贫绩效,对于生态环境部门进一步精准施策、融入并推动实现乡村振兴具有重要意义. 本文基于实地调研、专家咨询和统计数据,建立了包括生态资源保护、环境质量改善、促进特色产业发展、社会公共服务提升以及抵御风险等4类26项指标在内的生态环境行业扶贫绩效评估指标体系;采用熵值法确定指标权重,结合多元统计分析方法,以承德市围场满族蒙古族自治县（简称"围场县"）为例,对生态环境部门扶贫绩效进行了量化评估. 结果表明:①2006-2018年,承德市围场县扶贫绩效呈逐年上升的趋势,增长了68.3%,成效十分显著. ②生态环境行业扶贫在围场县的扶贫绩效主要体现在促进特色产业发展、生态资源保护以及环境质量改善等3个方面,占总绩效的81.1%. ③生态环境行业扶贫对促进生态环境质量改善与地方经济协同发展的促进作用较为显著. 在环境质量改善绩效指标上升47.1%的同时,促进特色产业发展和抵御风险能力绩效指标分别上升了90.5%和83.3%. 研究显示,生态环境行业定点扶贫对提升贫困地区持续"造血"能力具有显著促进作用,生态环境部门要主动作为,积极融入乡村振兴的全过程,进一步提升措施的针对性,在帮助贫困地区保住优质生态资源的同时,充分挖掘生态资源的经济优势,推动贫困地区巩固好脱贫成效,实现乡村振兴.      

论我国西部大开发战略中的旅游开发与贫困消除

大量调查研究表明,许多地区旅游资源的分布与贫困人口的分布是高度重叠的,尤其是那些区位偏远以及交通不便的地区,自然景观受人类活动干扰较小,自然生态系统保存较为完整,适合开发、发展生态旅游产业。因此,将旅游开发与扶贫有机结合应是消除贫困的最有效途径。论文针对这一问题论述了如下若干问题:其一,我国贫困县的分布与高品位生态旅游资源的分布高度重叠;其二,我国贫困县的分布与这些生态旅游资源的分布均在中西部地区,消除贫困与发展中西部旅游应是西部大开发战略的重要组成部分;其三,旅游在扶贫方面的优势是其他任何产业所无可比拟的;其四,应着手构建中国PPT旅游(ProPoorTourism,即有利于贫困人口发展的旅游)战略以及发展PPT旅游的战略措施,以期尽快消除我国的贫困问题。     

The Deforestation of Rural Areas in the Lower Congo Province

The Lower Congo is one of eleven provinces in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and is located southwest of Kinshasa Town Province. It has an area of approximately 53.947 km² with a population of 1 504 361 at an estimated 237 persons per km². The Province comprises five districts, including Lukaya and Cataracts where rural poverty is severe and the population struggle to make a living through agriculture and woodcutting. These activities result in excessive resource exploitation. The high demand for foodstuffs and the high consumption of wood (for energy, construction and export) in Kinshasa, the capital city of the Democratic Republic of Congo and the expanding towns of Matadi and Boma in the Lower Congo Province, are speeding the deforestation rate and unbalancing forest ecosystems. In addition there is the stress resulting from reduced josher (the rest period for agriculture ground), plus climate change and erosion. The phenomena that that we need to address in these two districts include deforestation, reduced josher, excessive agriculture, erosion, burning and climate change which taken together largely explain the current soil degradation. These areas are marked by excessive post deforestation savannah formation and extended areas of sandy soil, distributed throughout grass and shrub savannahs. This desertification, which is rampant in Lukaya and Cataracts, risks imprisoning the rural population in a vicious cycle of poverty if adequate solutions are not found.     

耕地转出对农民家庭贫困脆弱性的影响及其区域差异分析

关注耕地转出行为对农户贫困脆弱性的影响,对于农民家庭的持久脱贫及农村反贫困政策的制定意义重大。基于CFPS两期全国整合样本的面板数据,在对农户贫困脆弱性进行测算的基础上,运用倍差法、OLS模型及倾向得分匹配倍差法,实证检验耕地转出对农民家庭贫困脆弱性的影响及其区域差异。结果表明：（1）耕地转出行为的发生降低了农户的贫困脆弱性,是一种有效的扶贫手段,在帮助部分农户抵御收入风险上起到了积极作用;（2）耕地转出规模的扩大并未显著改善农户的贫困脆弱性状况;（3）控制变量也对农户贫困脆弱性产生了不同程度的影响,其中户主性别、户主年龄和家庭住房净资产显著正向影响农户的贫困脆弱性水平,而户主受教育程度、家庭劳动力数、健康状况、现金和存款数及当地经济发展水平等变量显著负向影响农户的贫困脆弱性水平;（4）耕地转出行为对农民家庭贫困脆弱性的影响呈现出一定的区域差异性,对东、中和东北地区农户贫困脆弱性的降低起到了显著促进作用,但对西部地区农户的减贫作用并不明显。     

Greenhouse gas emissions and poverty alleviation nexus in the Economic Commission of West African States

This paper investigates the nexus between greenhouse gas emissions and poverty alleviation in the Economic Commission of West African States between 1985 and 2020 applying autoregressive distributed lag and Granger causality techniques. The results reveal that carbon dioxide non-significantly relates to gross domestic product per capita positively while nitrous oxide and foreign direct investment impacts gross domestic product per capita positively. Methane negatively impacts gross domestic product per capita. The governments should use conventions to regulate greenhouse gas emissions’ effects on environmental degradation regionally and globally. The study underscores that countries should diversify to cleaner energy sources. This would reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. Massive technological investment is required to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions’ negative impacts on the environment which create poverty. This policy implication ensures environmental sustainability and reverses the ugly trend of greenhouse gas emissions on poverty.     

Networks and spatial segregation in the production of urban poverty in São Paulo

This article discusses the importance of social networks as survival strategies, testing the impact of segregation on the structure and organisation of personal networks of low-income individuals. It presents preliminary results of an ongoing study on personal networks of individuals living in situations of poverty in São Paulo. We analyse the characteristics of 89 personal networks of poor individuals living in three urban locations, characterised by different social contents and different contexts of segregation. The results indicate a considerable heterogeneity of networks (in terms of size, diversity of sociability spheres, among other dimensions) and a strong localism, which is commonly found in the three different urban contexts. At the same time, the analysis suggests a low impact of segregation and a more complex relationship between networks and space than previously described by the international literature.     

Whose marginalisation? Politics around environmental injustices in India's Chilika lagoon

The article examines marginalisation in small-scale fishing communities in a large lagoon system. It explores what marginalisation looks like from the fishers' point of view, and examines the extreme discrepancy between the official government account of the lagoon's resources, and the fishers' account. We analyse two major drivers of marginalisation: (1) role of aquaculture development in the loss of resource access rights and decline of local institutions, and (2) ecological displacement and livelihood loss brought about by the opening of a new (2001) “sea mouth”. We consider evidence collected through household- and village-level surveys combined with a host of qualitative and quantitative research methods. The fishers' point of view, and the data obtained using this point of view as a guide, presents a more complex, multidimensional concept of marginalisation, not simply as a state of being but as a process over time, impacting social and economic conditions, political standing, and environmental health.     

一体式铝盐絮体-超滤膜净水效能与机制

一体式膜工艺以其占地面积小、污染物去除效率高等优点在水处理工艺中逐渐应用.然而,长期运行后,传统颗粒性吸附剂存在加剧膜表面损伤的风险,同时大多数研究所用吸附剂价格较高,如纳米铁、碳纳米管等.针对上述问题,本文将铝盐混凝剂水解后形成的松散絮体直接注入膜池,基于腐殖酸(HA)和密云水库原水,考察了一体式絮体-超滤膜工艺运行效能及膜污染行为.结果表明,仅HA过膜时,第12 d跨膜压差(transmembrane pressure,TMP)急剧增至76. 4 k Pa,将膜组件取出经自来水清洗膜表面后TMP降为10. 1 k Pa (13 d),表明滤饼层是膜污染的主要形式,并且运行期间HA平均去除率仅为23. 3%.絮体注入频率、曝气强度及溶液pH能显著影响该工艺运行效能,尤其溶液pH.当采用连续投加方式将43. 2mmol·L-1铝盐絮体注入到pH为6. 0、曝气速率为0. 3 L·min-1膜池内时,膜污染程度显著降低,第12 d时TMP仅增长到19. 5 k Pa,清洗之后TMP降为5. 6 k Pa (13 d),此时HA平均去除率提高至61. 2%.此外,密云水库原水实验表明,当原水直接过膜时,TMP也急剧增加,运行12 d时TMP达到38. 0 k Pa,而清洗膜表面后TMP降低至3. 8 k Pa (13 d),滤饼层仍然为主要污染方式,同时有机质平均去除率为7. 5%.在上述最佳工艺条件下(曝气0. 3 L·min-1、溶液pH 6. 0)投加43. 2mmol·L-1铝盐絮体时,TMP增长也极其缓慢,12 d时仅增至6. 1 k Pa,膜表面清洗后TMP降至2. 3 k Pa (13 d),有机质平均去除率高达58. 6%.本研究表明一体式铝盐絮体-超滤膜在水处理中具有潜在的应用价值.