Heterogeneous Fenton-like degradation of 4-chlorophenol using iron/ordered mesoporous carbon catalyst

Ordered mesoporous carbon supported iron catalysts(Fe/OMC) were prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method and investigated in Fenton-like degradation of 4-chlorophenol(4CP) in this work. XRD and TEM characterization showed that the iron oxides were well dispersed on the OMC support and grew bigger with the increasing calcination temperature. The catalyst prepared with a lower calcination temperature showed higher decomposition efficiency towards 4CP and H2O2, but more metals were leached. The effect of different operational parameters such as initial pH, H2O2 dosage, and reaction temperature on the catalytic activity was evaluated. The results showed that 96.1% of 4CP and 47.4% of TOC was removed after 270 min at 30°C, initial pH of 3 and 6.6 mmol/L H2O2. 88% of 4CP removal efficiency was retained after three successive runs, indicating Fe/OMC a stable catalyst for Fenton reaction. 4CP was degraded predominately by the attack of hydroxyl radical formed on the catalyst surface and in the bulk solution due to iron leaching. Based on the degradation intermediates detected by high performance liquid chromatography, possible oxidation pathways were proposed during the 4CP degradation.     

黄土丘陵区不同有机碳背景下侵蚀坡面土壤呼吸特征

以黄土丘陵区5个不同有机碳背景的坡面S型小区(坡顶为对照区、坡中为侵蚀区、坡脚为沉积区)为研究对象,通过对土壤呼吸速率的动态观测,分析坡面不同类型区土壤呼吸特征及其与土壤温湿度、有机碳和坡位的关系.结果表明,土壤温度的变化对沉积区土壤呼吸影响较大,土壤湿度的变化对侵蚀区土壤呼吸影响较大.有机碳是影响土壤呼吸的首要因子,可解释土壤呼吸变异的54.72%;其次是土壤湿度、坡位和土壤温度,分别可解释土壤呼吸变异的18.86%、16.13%和10.29%.侵蚀对坡面土壤呼吸的影响具有明显的原位和异位效应,侵蚀导致坡面侵蚀区土壤呼吸减小了21.14%,沉积区土壤呼吸增大了21.93%.侵蚀坡面土壤碳排放的源汇效应与有机碳水平有关,当土壤有机碳含量大于6.82 g·kg-1时,坡面侵蚀趋向于碳汇过程;当有机碳含量小于3.03 g·kg-1时,坡面侵蚀趋向于碳源过程.文中模型可以较好地反映有机碳和土壤温湿度与土壤呼吸的关系.     

温度对厨余垃圾两相厌氧消化中水解和酸化过程的影响

实验考查了厨余垃圾在4个温度(25℃、37℃、40℃、50℃)条件下的水解率、挥发酸(VFA)产量和速率、乳酸产量和有机酸的组成.结果表明:温度对水解和酸化过程均有较大影响,在小于37℃范围内水解率和酸化率均随温度升高而增加,最大的VFA浓度在37℃下获得,达34.4g/L.超过37℃,酸化率下降而水解率继续增加,最大水解率在50℃下获得达82%.VFA中以甲酸和乙酸为主,并有少量丙酸和丁酸产生,同时乳酸浓度一直较高.通过实验确定了厨余垃圾水解酸化过程的最优温度条件为37℃.     

Successful Treatment of Low PAH-Contaminated Sewage Sludge in Aerobic Bioreactors (7 pp) *

Background, Aims and Scope Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known for their adverse and cumulative effects at low concentration. In particular, the PAHs accumulate in sewage sludge during wastewater treatment, and may thereafter contaminate agricultural soils by spreading sludge on land. Therefore, sludge treatment processes constitute the unique opportunity of PAH removal before their release in the environment. In this study, the ability of aerobic microorganisms to degrade light and heavy PAHs was investigated in continuous bioreactors treating trace-level PAH-contaminated sludge. Methods Several aerobic reactors were operated under continuous and perfectly mixed conditions to simulate actual aerobic sludge digesters. Three sterile control reactors were performed at 35°C, 45°C or 55°C to assess PAH abiotic losses under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. Three biological reactors were also operated at 35°C, 45°C or 55°C. Furthermore, 250 mM methanol were added in an additional mesophilic reactor (35°C). All reactors were fed with long-term PAH-contaminated sewage sludge, and PAH removal was assessed by inlet/outlet mass balance. In this study, PAH compounds ranged from 2 to 5-unsubstituted aromatic rings, i.e. respectively from Fluorene to Indeno(123cd)pyrene. Results and Discussion Significant abiotic losses were observed for the lightest PAHs (fluorene, phenanthrene and anthracene), while biodegradation occurred for all PAHs. More than 80% of the lightest PAHs were removed. Biodegradation rates inversely correlated with the increasing molecular weight, and seemed limited by the low bioavailability of the heaviest PAHs (only 50% of removal). The enhancement of PAH bioavailability by increasing the process temperature or adding methanol was tested. A temperature increase from 35°C to 45°C and then to 55°C significantly enhanced the biodegradation of the heaviest PAHs from 50% to 80%. However, high abiotic losses were observed for all PAHs at 55°C, which was attributed to volatilization. Optimal conditions were found at 45°C considering the low abiotic losses and the high PAH biodegradation rates. Similar performances were achieved by addition of methanol in the sludge. It was concluded that increasing temperatures or addition of methanol favored PAH diffusion from solids to an aqueous compartment, and enhanced their bioavailability to PAH-degrading microorganisms. Conclusion In this study, the use of long-term acclimated aerobic ecosystems showed the high potential of aerobic microorganisms to degrade a wide range of PAHs at trace levels. However, PAH biodegradation was likely controlled by their low bioavailability. Two aerobic processes have been finally proposed to achieve efficient decontamination of sewage sludge, at 45°C or in the presence of methanol. The PAH concentrations in reactor outlet were lower than the French requirements, and allow the treated sludge to be spread on agricultural land. Recommendations and Outlook The two proposed aerobic processes used physical or chemical diffusing agents. The global ecological impact of using the latter agents for treating trace level contamination must be considered. Since methanol was completely removed during the process, no additional harm is expected after treatment. However, an increase of temperature to 45°C could drastically increase the energy demand in full-scale plants, and therefore the ecological impact of the process. Moreover, since bioavailability controls PAH biodegradation, efficiency of the processes could also be influenced by the hydraulic parameters, such as mixing and aeration rates. Further experimentations in a pilot scale are therefore recommended, as well as a final assessment of the global environmental benefit of using such aerobic processes in the bioremediation of trace level compounds. - Abbreviations (PAHs): Ant – anthracene; B(a)A – benzo(a)anthracene ; B(b)F – benzo(b)fluoranthene; B(k)F – benzo(k)fluoranthene; B(ghi)P – benzo(g,h,i)perylene; B(a)P – benzo(a)pyrene; Chrys – chrysene; DB – dibenzo(a,h)anthracene; Fluor – fluoranthene; Fluo - fluorene; Ind – indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene; Phe - phenanthrene; Pyr – pyrene - * The basis of this peer-reviewed paper is a presentation at the 9th FECS Conference on 'Chemistry and Environment', 29 August to 1 September 2004, Bordeaux, France.     

三江源地区1961~2005年气温极端事件变化

利用三江源地区11个气象台站1961~2005年逐日最高气温和最低气温资料，分析了三江源地区极端高温和极端低温的变化趋势。研究表明：近45年来，白天和夜间温度极端偏高的日数明显增多，分别以26 d/10 a和44 d/10 a速度在增加;白天和夜间温度极端偏低的日数显著减缓，分别以41 d/10 a和85 d/10 a的速度显著减少;年极端低温和极端高温分别以042℃/10 a和029℃/10 a的速度增加;白天和夜间温度极端偏高的日数增加主要发生在冬季和夏季，而白天和夜间温度极端偏低的日数减少主要发生在春季和秋季，夜间温度极端偏低的日数减少趋势最为明显;长江源地区极端气温变化对区域增温的响应更为敏感。     

第一届亚太区安全健康海报、录像带创作比赛即将在港举行我国有关职业安全卫生单位积极报名参赛

第一届亚太区安全健成海报、录像带创作比赛即将在港举行我国有关职业安全卫生单位积极报名参赛第十三届亚太区职业安全健康组织大会及展览会将于１９９７年４月２１日至４月２６日在香港举行，这是香港职业安全健康局首次主办的大型国际性会议，预计将有二千多人参加，此...     

Performance of a combined anaerobic reactor for municipal wastewater treatment at ambient temperature

A bench-scale experimental study was carried out to investigate the overall performance of a combined anaerobic reactor for treating pre-settled municipal wastewater at ambient temperature (18–28°C) in terms of substrate removal efficiencies, biogas, methane production, volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles and effluent suspended solids (SS) concentration, etc. The tested reactor was a modified anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). The second and third compartments were partly packed with supporting media. The experimental results were similar to, or compared favourably with, other anaerobic reactor systems for municipal wastewater treatment at ambient temperature and proved the technical feasibility of this compartmentalised reactor. Considering its simple structure and operation, it could be considered a potential reactor system for treating municipal and domestic wastewaters in tropical and sub-tropical areas of developing countries.     

空气涡轮制冷低温粉碎法回收废弃橡胶

利用带回冷循环的空气涡轮制冷系统，在低温条件下，将废旧橡胶进行冷冻、粉碎、制成６０目以上的精细胶粉。此法的冷冻能耗成本仅为国际上通用的液氮法的１／１０，整具工艺过程不产生二次污染，为废旧橡胶的综合利用提供了一条新途径。     

工业灰渣高温相平衡分析和数学处理

硅酸盐工业灰渣的基本化学成人是ＣａＯ、ＳｉＯ２，Ａｌ２Ｏ３等，目前主要用于生产水泥等建筑材料， 西方对工业灰渣ＣａＯ－ＳｉＯ２－Ａｌ２Ｏ３三元系高钙相平衡过程进行了分析讨论和数学处理。