四种净水工艺对水源水微量有机物去除的研究

以UV254和CODMn代表饮用水源水中有机物替代指标.对常规处理、生物陶粒预处理、生物滤池、生物活性炭(BAC)、颗粒活性炭(GAC)、纳滤和光催化氧化进行组合,形成不同的处理流程,研究各流程对UV254和CODMn的去除效果.结果表明,各工艺流程都有一定的处理效率,其中以生物滤池和纳滤为主的组合流程处理效果最佳.此流程对UV254的去除率接近100%,CODMn的去除率达到78.6%,大大提高了饮用水的安全性.     

USSB反应器预处理聚酯生产废水

采用上流式分段污泥床（upflow staged sludge bed）反应器对聚酯废水进行了预处理试验研究.反应器内厌氧污泥经过近70 d的培养驯化后,用于处理聚酯废水.当进水COD值为800～2000 mg/L,HRT约为16～20 h时,其COD去除率基本能稳定在50%～55%之间;聚酯废水经预处理后,其BOD5/COD值由原来的0.3左右提高到约为0.6,取得了较好的预处理效果.但系统的总产气量由培养期的约13 L/d降至0.8 L/d左右,其中甲烷气体的含量也由50%下降至约6%.     

各种影响因子对电解法预处理医药废水的影响研究

探讨了电解法预处理医药废水时停留时间、电解电压、废水初始浓度、温度和废水pH值等影响因子对去除色度、COD和提高废水可生化性等处理效果的影响，并考察了其应用于工业实际废水处理的可行性。实验结果表明：电解法更适合高浓度医药废水的处理，色度的去除率可达到90％以上；电解时间宜控制在40-60min；电解电压越高，废水COD和色度去除效果越好；在实验温度范围内，温度对色度和COD去除率的影响不大；废水pH值为7．5时电解效果最佳，工程运用宜控制在6—9之间。     

工业化规模超声波预处理对不同固体浓度污泥厌氧消化性能的影响

针对活性污泥厌氧消化水解速率慢的问题,通过工业化规模超声波反应器对不同固体浓度污泥开展了破解研究。采用粒径分析及溶解性COD、蛋白质和多糖浓度监测的方法研究了超声波破解前后污泥物理化学特性的变化;评估了超声波破解对污泥厌氧消化产甲烷潜力及有机物降解规律的影响。结果表明：工业化规模超声波破解不同固体浓度污泥后,污泥粒径均有所降低,而溶解性COD、蛋白质和多糖的浓度均有增加;超声波对污泥的破解程度与破解时间和固体浓度有关,其随破解时间增加而增加,随污泥固体浓度增加而减弱;超声波破解固体浓度2%和4%的污泥30 min后,累积甲烷产率分别提升41.2%和30.2%,当破解时间和固体浓度进一步增加时,污泥甲烷产率无明显变化。本研究结果可为超声波破解污泥技术的工业化应用提供参考。     

空气微生物研究方法进展与展望

着重论述了空气微生物气溶胶的研究方法,主要有培养基法和非培养基法。培养基法是传统的微生物研究方法,需要花费大量的时间和劳动力,只能够检测活的能够在培养基上生长的微生物,可以大致反映空气中的微生物气溶胶。非培养基法,主要是PCR法,具有敏感性高、快速、特异性强等特点,能够检测出环境样品中绝大多数的微生物,是一种微生物气溶胶检测的有效途径。最后指出实时持续的监测是将来空气微生物研究的努力方向和发展趋势。     

Best Practices in Environmental Communication: A Case Study of Louisiana's Coastal Crisis

This mixed-method case study of environmental communication best practices in Louisiana, USA, identifies trends and approaches as informed by environmental psychology. The results provide key insights for environmental communicators, especially communicators in coastal regions. In-depth interviews with both environmental psychologists and environmental communicators showed that both groups emphasized knowing the audience, telling local stories, building relationships with target audiences and targeted messaging. Both psychologists and communicators also frequently mentioned general messaging concerns of source credibility, avoiding controversial terms and talking about issues, impacts and solutions to which the target audience can relate. A representative survey revealed that Louisiana residents are most interested in hearing about how environmental issues such as climate change, coastal land loss and flooding are affecting their own communities. This finding supports the idea that environmental communicators could do a better job tapping into strong place attachment and sense of community among coastal residents to promote action.     

Enhanced nitrogen removal upon the addition of volatile fatty acids from activated sludge by combining calcium peroxide and low-thermal pretreatments

This study investigated a combined low-thermal and CaO₂ pretreatment to enhance the volatile fatty acid (VFA) production from waste activated sludge (WAS). The fermentative product was added to a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) as an external carbon source to enhance nitrogen removal. The results showed that the combined pretreatment improved WAS solubilization, releasing more biodegradable substrates, such as proteins and polysaccharides, from TB-EPS to LB-EPS and S-EPS. The maximum VFA production of 3529 ± 188 mg COD/L was obtained in the combined pretreatment (0.2 g CaO₂/g VS + 70 °C for 60 min), which was 2.1 and 1.4-fold of that obtained from the sole low-thermal pretreatment and the control test, respectively. Consequently, when the fermentative liquid was added as an external denitrification carbon source, the effluent total nitrogen decreased to Class A of the discharge standard for pollutants in rural wastewater treatment plants in most areas of China.     

改进型农村三格化粪池的污水处理性能

在我国农村地区,化粪池仍然是许多家庭生活污水直排前的唯一处理设施。传统三格化粪池出水水质较差,造成了农村水环境污染,而对传统三格化粪池进行适当改进是解决污染问题的有效途径之一。为此,对传统三格化粪池进行了结构和功能的优化设计,在第1格设置由过流板隔开的预处理曝气池和预处理沉淀池,第2格保留厌氧发酵池,第3格由过流板分隔为生物接触氧化池和二次沉淀池。结果表明,稳定运行后,反应器对COD、${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $-N、TP和SS的去除率分别为83.51%~88.56%、66.82%~74.17%、77.47%~81.12%和82.26%~88.57%,相较于传统三格化粪池有显著的提升。改进型农村三格化粪池实现了农村分散式污水的就地处理,且经济性和维护便利性符合农村污水处理设施的定位需求,可为农村三格化粪池的改造和新建提供参考。     

Transforming urban planning processes and outcomes through creative methods

Inclusively delivering the sustainable development goals (SDGs) remains challenging, particularly in urban areas, where some of the most pressing concerns exist. To achieve the transformative SDG agenda, new methods are required to overcome current deficits in engagement around inclusion and equitable outcomes. Evaluating against theories of governance and inclusion, we test a mixture of digital and physical creative methods abilities to deliver co-designed solutions that influence mobility and road safety planning outcomes in East African cities. Greater inclusion led to improved interactions of citizens with decision makers, and the identification of novel, practical solutions, delivering some elements of transformation. Risks include creative methods being used to co-opt communities to official agendas, and institutional planning norms needing to adapt to respond to a wider range of stakeholders. Overall, where risks are mitigated, we recommend that using Creative Methods could localise SDG delivery, ensuring more equitable and effective outcomes from infrastructure development investments.Supplementary InformationThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01436-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

制粒及工艺优化对工程化阴燃治理含油污泥的影响

针对含油污泥含水率高、含油率高、渗透性差导致应用工程化阴燃处置技术的适应性差、处置能力低等问题,采用制粒手段强化含油污泥的预处理过程,并对其阴燃点燃及推进方式加以调整,旨在筛选出较优的预处理和阴燃工艺参数。通过小试实验探索了含水率对油泥制粒的影响,以及含水率、制粒状态、辅助燃料、阴燃启动方式和推进方向对阴燃的影响。结果表明,某含油废水治理产生的含油污泥可采用对辊挤出制粒的方式进行预处理,含水率宜控制在33%~35%;油泥经脱水或制粒均可增强阴燃稳健性;含水率较高时添加质量分数5%的稻壳,点燃耗时可缩短约40%,阴燃蔓延速度提升约70%;采用木炭间接启动阴燃也可显著缩短点燃耗时。本研究结果可为工程化阴燃治理油泥的工艺和设备设计提供参考。