膜-生物反应器和传统活性污泥工艺的比较

在运行条件一致的情况下把膜-生物反应器(MBR)和传统活性污泥工艺(CAS)进行了比较研究.试验结果表明,MBR具有比CAS更为稳定良好的出水水质,其平均出水COD浓度为55.5mg/L,低于CAS工艺(79.7mg/L).MBR系统中由于膜对大分子物质的截留作用,运行前120d出现溶解性微生物产物的积累,但随着微生物的驯化,这些积累的微生物产物最后得到降解.CAS中未发生微生物产物的积累.CAS出水、MBR上清液以及MBR出水中的物质组成差别很大.CAS出水和MBR上清液中分子量大于60000的高分子物质与小于3000的小分子物质都占有相当大的比例,其中高分子物质在MBR上清液中的含量高于CAS系统;MBR出水中则主要是分子量小于3000的小分子物质.MBR污泥粒径较小,使得氧扩散速率得到提高.     

矿山恢复过程及前期恢复时限分析

目前矿山生态环境防治原则“谁开发谁保护,谁污染谁治理,谁破坏谁恢复”对矿山恢复到特定程度还没有明确的时间要求。矿山恢复可分为前期和后期两个阶段,前期恢复以水土保持为目的,后期恢复以建立稳定的生态系统为目的。草本植被在前期恢复中具有显著的水土保持功效。不同区域的草本植被恢复到特定盖度有明显的时间分异,所需时间与区域NPP(植被净第一性生产力)值呈负相关。据估计,草本植被恢复到70%的盖度,热带林区大致需要5~9个月,亚热带常绿阔叶林带需要9~15个月,温带林区需要15~24个月,寒带针叶林带和温带草原则需要超过两年的时间。建立的盖度-T(时间)-NPP曲线,结合区域植被有效盖度,为矿山前期恢复的时限制定提供依据。     

Pesticide residues in rain water from Hisar, India

Presence of pesticide residues was studied in rain water during 2002 employing multi residue analysis method by gas liquid chromatography equipped with ECD and NPD detectors and capillary columns. The presence of pesticide residues in surface aquatic system triggered the investigation of the presence of pesticides in rain water. A total of 13 pesticides were detected in rain water samples. Among the different groups of pesticides, organochlorines were present in the range of 0.041–7.060 ppb with maximum concentration of p,p’-DDT up to 7.060 μg l⁻¹. Synthetic pyrethroids were present ranging from 0.100 to 1.000 μg l⁻¹ and organophosphates in the range of 0.050–4.000 μg l⁻¹ showing maximum contamination with cypermethrin (1.000 μg l⁻¹) and monocrotophos (4.000 μg l⁻¹) of the respective groups. Almost 80% samples showed the residues above MRL of 0.5 ppb fixed for multi residues and on the basis of single pesticide, 16–50% samples contained residues above the MRL value of 0.1 ppb.     

凯达煤矿采空区煤自燃极限参数分析

为更加精准地判定采空区自燃危险区域,对煤自燃极限参数的计算方法进行改进,采用能量守恒微分方程的分析解计算煤自燃所需必要条件的极限值;以内蒙古凯达煤矿为例对该方法进行验证,根据浮煤的物性参数以及采空区环境条件,计算分析46205工作面回风侧采空区煤的自燃危险性;根据采空区漏风条件以及煤自燃所需要的氧浓度值,分析在遗煤较厚...     

不同养殖水体Cu的特征

采用野外采样和室内分析,试验结果表明池塘、稻田、水库水中Cu有超标样本,溪河水中Cu含量较低,不同养殖水体底泥和鱼肉中Cu均无超标样本。模拟结果表明鱼肉中Cu同水中Cu有直线关系,稻田水中Cu同鱼肉中Cu呈倒数曲线关系,因此控制养殖水中Cu的输入对鱼产品质量安全有重要意义。     

排污总量监测若干问题的思考

分析了排污总量监测过程中关于最低检出限、一类污染物的采样点位、监测频次、超标污染物等方面与污染源监督监测的区别以及存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策和措施.     

微型自动塑限仪研制初探

通过设计由搅拌装置、滚搓装置组成的塑限仪,来测定粘性土的塑限含水率.该仪器的研制与应用,将解放传统意义上的手工操作方式,达到逐渐消除试验中的人为影响,严格规范试验测定的科学性、准确性,提高试验工作效率的目的.     

紫外光照处理低浓度萘普生废水

萘普生为水体中常见的一种非甾体药物类污染物。以300W汞灯为光源,研究紫外光照降解法对于含低浓度萘普生废水的处理效果,发现pH对萘普生光解效果有直接影响,降解优异性顺序为酸性>碱性>中性。通过实验,确定了萘普生光解的最佳pH值为4,光照时间为40 min,在该实验条件下,萘普生的降解率达到97.6%。通过液相色谱-质谱联用法对降解后水样进行检测,初步推导出光解中间产物为6-甲氧基-2-乙酰基萘、6-甲氧基-2-乙烯萘及β-萘酚。     

沉钒废水蒸发结晶产物——硫酸盐渣处理工艺

利用焙烧的方法处理沉钒废水蒸发浓缩后的硫酸盐渣,干燥条件为130～160℃下1～1.5 h,焙烧条件为550～600℃下0.5～1 h,能够将废渣中的硫酸铵彻底分解,得到满足GB/T 6009-2003《工业无水硫酸钠》要求的硫酸钠产品。     

Survey regarding the 0.05 blood alcohol concentration limit for driving in the United States

Background: On May 14, 2013, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) proposed that states lower the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) illegal limit from 0.08 to 0.05 g/dL (also referred to as the 0.08 law and the 0.05 limit, respectively). In March 2017, this recommendation was signed into law in the State of Utah.

Objective: The objective of this survey is to investigate perceptions regarding enforcement of the 0.05 g/dL BAC limit.

Method: Opinions of law enforcement officers, prosecutors, and defense attorneys were obtained through a series of questionnaires and focus groups.

Results: Survey data were collected from 32 law enforcement officers, 20 prosecutors, and 4 defense attorneys. The participants rated the usefulness of the NHTSA's driving while intoxicated (DWI) driving cues lower for the 0.05 limit than for the 0.08 law. Some of the participants believed that training would be needed in regard to sobriety testing under the 0.05 limit. Participants also stated that adequately preparing for prosecution of drunk drivers would be more difficult under the 0.05 limit. In addition, it was believed that drunk driving cases are more likely to be withdrawn and fewer plea agreements and guilty pleas are likely under the 0.05 limit. Prosecutors were concerned that the 0.05 limit would result in poorly investigated cases and overburden the court system. Defense attorneys were concerned about the social and economic costs of a 0.05 limit.

Discussion: Overall, it appears that the 0.05 limit is viewed as enforceable and it will save lives; however, the usefulness of the NHTSA DWI Detection Guide and of the standardized field sobriety tests need to be established for lower BACs, and efforts must be made to educate people regarding the relationship between BAC and impairment and impairment and driving with the risk of injury and death.

Conclusion: Though the 0.05 limit offers promise in saving lives, the following issues associated with changing the limit to 0.05 need to be resolved prior to implementation: Validating the sobriety tests for the 0.05 limit; if needed, modifying the sobriety tests to make them effective and valid at the 0.05 limit; and training law enforcement personnel and educating the public regarding the 0.05 limit.