改进的粒子群算法及其在土坡临界滑动面搜索中的应用

首先,提出了一种新型的模拟任意滑动面的方法,该法能自动产生运动许可的滑动面。同时,针对基本粒子群优化算法存在计算量大的缺点,提出了一种改进的,即不连续飞行粒子群优化算法。利用Spencer法计算滑动面的安全系数,对几个复杂土坡的最小安全系数及其对应的滑动面进行了分析,并与国内外已有结果进行了比较,证明了改进粒子群优化算法和模拟滑动面的新方法是合理、有效的,可用于复杂优化问题的研究。     

Influences of coal dust components on the explosibility of hybrid mixtures of methane and coal dust

In order to study the influences of coal dust components on the explosibility of hybrid mixture of methane and coal dust, four kinds of coal dust with different components were selected in this study. Using the standard 20 L sphere, the maximum explosion pressure, explosion index and lower explosion limits of methane/coal dust mixtures were measured. The results show that the addition of methane to different kinds of coal dust can all clearly increase their maximum explosion pressure and explosion index and decrease their minimum explosion concentration. However, the increase in the maximum explosion pressure and explosion index is more significant for coal dust with lower volatile content, while the decrease in the minimum explosion concentration is more significant for coal dust with higher volatile content. It is concluded that the influence of methane on the explosion severity is more pronounced for coal dust with lower volatile content, but on ignition sensitivity it is more pronounced for coal dust with higher volatile content. Bartknecht model for predicting the lower explosion limits of methane/coal dust mixture has better applicability than Le Chatelier model and Jiang model. Especially, it is more suitable for hybrid mixtures of methane and high volatile coal dust.     

节庆营销对景区年内客流量的边际弹性及调节限度--以内蒙古阿拉善盟5个4A级景区为例

节庆营销是影响旅游活动年内变化的重要因素。优化节庆活动,拉长旅游活动“旺季”,是推动旅游业平稳发展的重要问题。以内蒙古阿拉善盟5个4A级景区为例,采用带虚拟变量的回归模型分析了节庆营销对景区客流量年内变化的边际弹性。结果发现:5个景区4年节庆活动边际弹性≥3.0,气候舒适度边际弹性≥1.0。为缓解旅游活动的年内集中性,需要把节庆活动调整至4—9月,平滑客流量的年内分布。     

煤矿开采地表沉陷盆地边界的再认识

为了研究厚松散层条件下煤矿开采沉陷盆地边界的界定及其影响因素，基于现场实测资料和误差传播定律，建立了厚含水松散层条件下地表沉陷监测点点位中误差函数模型；以辛置煤矿五采区为工程背景，采用UDEC离散元数值分析方法，揭示了采动程度与边界角之间的协同作用关系。研究结果表明:不同国家对沉陷盆地边界的界定并不统一，厚含水松散层条件下，沉陷盆地边缘15 mm的水平移动点可作为沉陷盆地的边界，对于特级保护对象，建议以2 mm下沉点作为沉陷盆地的边界。随着采动程度的增加，沉陷盆地上、下山边界角呈现先缓慢减小再逐渐增加的趋势，二者服从Lorentz函数模型，相关度分别为0.88和0.99，该函数模型能够表达研究区域采动程度与边界角之间的内在联系。     

The effect of speed limit reductions in urban areas on cyclists’ injuries in collisions with cars

Abstract

Objective: Impact speed is one of the most important factors explaining the severity of injuries to cyclists when they collide with passenger cars. To reduce injury severity (especially for vulnerable road users), since 2008, Swedish municipalities have the authority to lower the speed limit to 30 or 40?km/h in urban areas as appropriate. The aim of this study was to evaluate how this speed limit reduction has influenced the injury severity for cyclists in this type of collision.

Method: Data from 1,953 collisions between bicycles and passenger cars were collected using information from third-party-liability insurance claims from 2005 to 2017. The change of speed limit distribution, influenced by the reduction of speed limits in urban areas, where car-to-cyclist collisions occurred was studied. Following that, injury severity for cyclists was evaluated regarding collisions occurring in areas with different speed limits.

Results: The results show that, in collisions with cars, cyclists have a significantly lower risk of a moderate-to-fatal (MAIS 2+) injury when the speed limit is 30–40?km/h compared to 50–60?km/h. During the last decade, while the speed-limit has been lowered on many road-sections in urban areas from 50–60?km/h to 30–40?km/h the risk of a cyclist getting a MAIS 2+ injury decreased by 25%. In 2005 to 2011, 16% of the crashes happened on a road with a speed limit of 30–40?km/h; in 2016–2017, this percentage had increased to approximately 50%. Thus, in recent years more crashes occurred on roads with lower speed limits, and in these crashes, there was a lower risk of severe injuries to cyclists. Unfortunately, it was not possible to evaluate the risk of a crash for specific speed limits; since one limitation of this study was the lack of exposure data, nor do we know the impact speed or the actual speed of the vehicles.

Conclusions: This study is an important follow-up on the implementation of measures that can influence bicycle safety. The insurance data used, made it possible to quantify a positive effect on injury severity for cyclists in passenger car-to-cyclist collisions when the speed limit was reduced in urban areas. Insurance claims cover collisions of all crash severity, so they include data covering all types of injuries—not just the most severe/fatal ones. This aspect is especially important in the speed intervals evaluated here, since moderate (MAIS 2) injuries are very frequent in lower-speed crashes and even these injuries can result in long-term consequences.     

极端干湿循环作用下饱和泥浆红黏土的干缩裂隙发育特征

云贵高原红黏土常经历极端干湿循环过程,为研究极端干湿循环作用对红黏土干缩裂隙发育规律的影响,以昆明呈贡地区红黏土饱和泥浆样为研究对象,在室内进行5次干湿循环试验,通过监测红黏土质量和表面干缩裂隙的形成及其演化过程,分析了极端干湿循环作用对红黏土水分蒸发、干缩裂隙的形成及其演化、表面干缩裂隙网络结构形态的影响.结果 表明...     

吹扫捕集/气相色谱/质谱法测定水体中54种常见挥发性有机物的研究

运用吹扫捕集/气相色谱/质谱(P＆T/GC/MS)法对水体中54种常见的挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行了测定.结果表明,VOCs的色谱分离情况较好,平均加标回收率为88.5%～117.0%,相对标准偏差为0.71%～8.50%,准确度和精密度均符合有关分析测试的要求;方法检出限为0.10～0.61μg/L,远低于<地表水环境质量标准>(GB 3838-2002)、<生活饮用水卫生标准>(GB3838-2002)及国外相关标准的限值;54种VOCs的线性范围不同,低沸点的VOCs线性范围较宽,高沸点的VOCs的线性范围较窄,因此在分析VOCs样品配制标准工作曲线时,应注意不同沸点VOCs的线性范围.     

生物膜电极法降解氯苯、二氯苯的研究

研究证实,氯苯和二氯苯在生物膜电极下降解速率显著快于常规方法.质谱分析可知,氯苯的中间产物存在苯酚、乙酸,二氯苯的3种同分异构体中间产物均存在氯酚、苯酚和乙酸.中间产物表明,氯苯、二氯苯的生物膜电极降解途径完全不同于常规生物降解途径,而阴极的还原气氛对脱氯起到关键性影响.     

Organochlorine pesticide in fresh and pasteurized cow's milk from Kampala markets

Fresh and pasteurized milk samples from Kampala markets were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides using a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. Five organochlorine pesticides, namely; aldrin, dieldrin, endosulfan, lindane, DDT and its metabolites were detected in the milk samples and confirmed with a gas chromatograph equipped with a mass spectrometer [GC-MS]. The mean values are expressed in mg kg⁻¹ milk fat (mf) basis. The mean concentration in the fresh milk (n = 54) were: 0.026 ± 0.003 mg kg⁻¹ mf; 0.002 ± 0.0003 mg kg⁻¹, below the detection limit; 0.007 ± 0.003 mg kg⁻¹, 0.009 ± 0.002 mg kg⁻¹ milk fat for lindane, endosulfan dieldrin and aldrin, respectively. The mean concentrations of p,p′-DDE; p,p′-DDT and o,p′-DDT were 0.009 ± 0.002 mg kg⁻¹; 0.033 ± 0.007 mg kg⁻¹ and 0.008 ± 0.001 mg kg⁻¹ mf, respectively in the fresh milk samples.In the pasteurized milk samples (n = 47), the mean concentrations recorded were: 0.008 ± 0.003 mg kg⁻¹, 0.025 ± 0.004 mg kg⁻¹, and 0.007 ± 0.001 mg kg⁻¹, respectively for p,p′-DDE; p,p′-DDT and o,p′-DDT.Alpha and beta-endosulfan recorded the concentration below the detection limit and the mean of 0.022 ± 0.001 mg kg⁻¹ mf, 0.005 ± 0.002 mg kg⁻¹ mf, and 0.006 ± 0.0002 mg kg⁻¹ mf, respectively for lindane, dieldrin and aldrin. Although, most of the residues detected were above the residue limits set by the FAO/WHO (2008), bioaccumulation of these residues is likely to pose health risks to the consumers of milk in Uganda.     

Transformation products of pharmaceuticals in surface waters and wastewater formed during photolysis and advanced oxidation processes - degradation, elucidation of byproducts and assessment of their biological potency

The significance of transformation products of pharmaceuticals resulting from the parent compounds during natural and technical photolytic processes and advanced oxidation processes has only recently started to attract the interest of the scientific community. Even though relevant studies have now started to produce important knowledge, still many gaps exist that hinder the in-depth and broad understanding of the extent of the potential problems stemming from the presence of such compounds in the environment and the applicability of such techniques for wastewater and potable water treatment. The great diversity of pharmaceutical compounds, the variety of processes and conditions applied by the various research groups active in the field, and the endless list of potential biological endpoints that could potentially be explored, coupled with the limitations related to the analytical capabilities presently available, are some of the crucial parameters that characterize this challenging research direction. This review paper tries to highlight some of the most relevant studies performed so far and to summarize the parameters that prevent scientists from reaching comprehensive conclusions in relation to the formation, fate, and effects of transformation products of pharmaceutical compounds during photo-driven and advanced oxidation processes.