新疆油田污染减排措施与效果分析

针对新疆油田公司的污染减排目标,结合油田实际,剖析了当前制约新疆油田污染减排的主要因素,通过有针对性地实施技术改造、结构调整、清洁生产等措施,取得了显著的污染减排效果,为今后污染减排工作提供了有益的建议。     

Belowground effects of enhanced tropospheric ozone and drought in a beech/spruce forest (Fagus sylvatica L./Picea abies [L.] Karst)

The effects of experimentally elevated O₃ on soil respiration rates, standing fine-root biomass, fine-root production and δ¹³C signature of newly produced fine roots were investigated in an adult European beech/Norway spruce forest in Germany during two subsequent years with contrasting rainfall patterns. During humid 2002, soil respiration rate was enhanced under elevated O₃ under beech and spruce, and was related to O₃-stimulated fine-root production only in beech. During dry 2003, the stimulating effect of O₃ on soil respiration rate vanished under spruce, which was correlated with decreased fine-root production in spruce under drought, irrespective of the O₃ regime. δ¹³C signature of newly formed fine-roots was consistent with the differing g_s of beech and spruce, and indicated stomatal limitation by O₃ in beech and by drought in spruce. Our study showed that drought can override the stimulating O₃ effects on fine-root dynamics and soil respiration in mature beech and spruce forests.     

臭氧联用技术深度处理腈纶废水的效果对比

将臭氧分别与超声波、H2O2、紫外光等联用,深度处理干法腈纶生产厂生化池出水,对各种联用技术的处理效果进行了研究。实验结果表明：在进水流量2 L/min、反应时间30 min、臭氧加入量3.5 g/（L?h）的条件下,当超声功率为300 W时,臭氧-超声联用技术的COD去除率为30.0%;当H2O2加入量为0.4 mL/L时,臭氧-H2O2联用技术的COD去除率为50.7%;当紫外灯功率为40 W时,臭氧-紫外光联用技术的COD去除率为49.9%;在各种联用技术中,臭氧-H2O2联用技术的运行成本最低（为7.5 元/t）,且处理后出水COD为143 mg/L,达到《<污水综合排放标准>（GB8978—1996）中石化工业COD标准值修改单》中的一级排放标准。综合考虑,臭氧-H2O2联用技术是深度处理干法腈纶废水的最优工艺。     

含氨氮催化剂生产废水的处理

采用加入淀粉的短程硝化-反硝化一体化技术处理低碳含NH3-N催化剂废水。通过中试确定了适宜的工艺参数,并在工业化装置上进行了验证。试验结果表明：在DO为0.5 mg/L左右、淀粉加入量为0.25 kg/ m3、HRT=30 h的条件下,短程硝化-反硝化一体化技术具有较好的处理效果,NH3-N去除率大于97%,且具有较强的抗冲击负荷的能力; 出水的COD<100 mg/L,ρ（NH3-N）<10 mg/L,达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》的一级排放标准。工业化装置的运行费用以NH3-N计为2.3 元/kg、以废水计为4.6 元/t。该法适用于中低浓度（ρ（NH3-N）<300 mg/L）废水的处理。     

基于MODIS的渍害田和正常农田遥感特性对比研究

渍害田在我国南方地区分布广泛,严重影响农业生产。以四湖流域洪湖地区为实验区,基于渍害田的物理及生态特性来探讨渍害田遥感识别特性。利用2002～2011年MODIS产品,辅以土壤图、土地覆被数据,对比分析了正常农田及渍害田在反照率、增强型植被指数（EVI）、地表夜温、地表温差和表观热惯量的时相差异;并结合相关研究成果加以解释和验证。结果表明：一年中大部分时段,正常农田的反照率、EVI、地表温差都大于渍害田,而地表夜温、表观热惯量都低于渍害田;各指标的多年平均值也具有类似差别;渍害田的EVI在6、7月份比正常农田高, 可能是由于渍害田在雨、热、肥条件同时良好时比正常农田生长的更快。研究结果可为进一步准确识别渍害田空间分布及其动态变化     

济南市南部山区降雨特性分析

通过对济南市南部山区50年降雨资料的分析,得出南部山区年降雨量为648mm,降雨季节性明显,降雨量主要集中在6-8月份的降雨特点;采用皮尔逊Ⅲ型曲线拟合了降雨频率曲线,分析了降雨量与频率之间的关系,得出年降雨量在1000mm以上的频率是2%,年降雨量在640mm以上的频率是50%。最后采用一维坡地径流模型对南部山区内的典型丘陵的产流量进行了模拟计算,模拟结果和实测值吻合较好。     

Dry and heat stress affects H2S production of Salmonella on selective plating media

The pH of Salmonella pre-enrichment media can become acidic (pH 4.0–5.0) when feeds/ingredients are incubated for 24?h. Salmonella in feed that have been stressed by heat and desiccation exhibit different pH tolerances than non-stressed cultures. Acidic conditions can result in cell injury/death and affect biochemical pathways. In this study, eight serotypes of Salmonella were grown in sterile meat and bone meal that was subjected to desiccation and heat stress. Cultures of non-stressed and stressed isolates were subsequently exposed to acidic pH from 4.0 to 7.0 in 0.5?pH increments (3 replicates/pH increment) in citrate buffer. At 6 and 24?h, serial dilutions were plated in duplicate on XLT-4 (xylose lysine tergitol-4) agar. Four serotypes showed an impaired ability to decarboxylate lysine on XLT-4. This inability to decarboxylate lysine was dependent on isolate, stress status, and incubation time. When the isolates’ ability to decarboxylate lysine was examined using biochemical tests, cultures were found to be able to decarboxylate lysine with the exception of S. Infantis. This suggests that XLT-4 contains a biochemical stressor(s) which affects the rate of decarboxylation by these Salmonella. These results suggest that acidic conditions may influence the detection and confirmation of Salmonella in feed.     

Indicator framework for sustainable production planning and controlling

Production facilities serve to transform raw materials into products, usually with the goal of achieving a designated output, in terms of quantity and quality, with the minimum of cost and labour. With the aid of production planning and controlling (PPC) systems, raw material inputs, and labour can be planned to achieve a determined output of products. In general, the role of environmental and social aspects is neglected in production planning processes. Because of the growing pressure from politics and customers, sustainable production of products is becoming more important. One possibility for supporting sustainable manufacturing is, to integrate sustainable aspects in the production planning process. This paper presents input and output information for current PPC systems and discusses the need for additional information necessary for sustainable PPC. For this approach, a text review of cooperate social responsibility (CSR) reporting indicators provided by the GRI was performed. Based on the text review, an input-output model has been developed for conventional and another one for sustainable PPC systems. Through the comparison of the two input-output models, challenges and requirements for sustainable PPC systems have been defined as a basis for future work and analyses.     

产朊假丝酵母处理马铃薯淀粉废水

研究了pH、接种量、无机盐(通过加入磷酸二氢钾进行无机盐补充)及DO等对产朊假丝酵母处理马铃薯淀粉废水的影响.结果表明.在pH为5.0、产朊假丝酵母接种量为10%(体积分数)、磷酸二氢钾(质量分散为0.1%)加入量为0.5 g/L、废水不灭菌的条件下,废水处理效果和产朊假丝酵母生长最佳.且当废水COD为5 074 mg/L时,COD去除率达到74.86%,同时可获得2.23g/L的单细胞蛋白.产朊假丝酵母处理马铃薯淀粉废水的最佳条件的实验研究对实现马铃薯淀粉废水资源化利用提供了理论参考.     

Seven thousand years in the service of humanity—the history of copper, the red metal

Measured by weight, copper is the third most important metal used by man. The annual value of its 2007 output was on a par with the GDP of e.g. Ukraine. Copper is also one of the oldest metals, its employment going back 7000 years. For millennia, it was predominantly employed for decorative purposes, coinage and in warfare. Technical breakthroughs in antiquity, like smelting and alloying, expanded its production and enhanced its utility. Copper's true heyday occurred after 1850, with the usage of electricity. In the period since then, volumes increased 300-fold, while costs and prices declined. With impressive progress in the technology of its production and consumption, the red metal has been able to hold its own, despite the emergence over history of formidable substitutes like iron, aluminum, plastics and optic fiber.