Ignition hazard evaluation on A2L refrigerants in situations of service and maintenance

To restrict the progress of the global warming, A2L refrigerants such as 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (R1234yf), (Z/E)-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (R1234ze), and difluoromethane (R32) have been expected of alternatives to the standard refrigerants currently in use. The ignition hazard of A2L refrigerants under plausible accident situations in service and maintenance was examined experimentally for two cases: leakage of an A2L refrigerant from a pinhole in a pipe or hose (Scenario 1), and leakage of an A2L refrigerant into an item of equipment used for service and maintenance, such as a collection device (Scenario 2). In Scenario 1, the location of the flammable zone and the possibility of a jet flame being formed instantaneously on contact with an ignition source were examined. Even when R1234yf leaked from a 4 mmϕ pinhole (corresponding to breakage of a pipe), the flammable zone extended only about 10 cm from the pinhole in the downstream region. In an ignition test with a continuous spark as the ignition source, a pale emission appeared only near the spark, and the flame did not propagate to the rest of the refrigerant jet. In Scenario 2, the accumulation and ignition behaviors of A2L refrigerants in a model collection device were examined experimentally. Ignition and flame propagation occurred in a test on a model collection device lacking slits, whereas when slits wider than 20 mm were present, ignition and flame propagation did not occur. Even if R1234yf leaked into the model collection device, provided that slits of an effective width were present, the R1234yf could diffuse through slits and barely accumulated, and no ignition or flame propagation occurred.     

甲烷煤尘耦合爆炸传播特性及伤害研究

为探究煤尘质量浓度对甲烷煤尘耦合爆炸传播特性及伤害距离的影响,自制长15 m的爆炸管道系统,用体积分数为7％甲烷分别与质量浓度为0、50、100和200 g/m3的煤尘进行耦合爆炸试验,并根据质量、动量和能量守恒理论推导出最大压力计算公式.结果 表明:不同质量浓度煤尘与甲烷耦合爆炸时,最大压力均随与爆源距离的增加呈现出...     

火灾现象的数值模拟及其应用

本文讨论了模拟火灾现象的数值方法及其应用。着重研究了火焰发热、空气流动和烟尘传播的数学模型，讨论了紊流模型中浮力项的处理和边界条件的简化，并介绍了这一课题的研究现状和发展方向。     

Integrity and Rights of Plants: Ethical Notions in Organic Plant Breeding and Propagation

In addition to obviating the use of synthetic agrochemicals and emphasizing farming in accordance with agro-ecological guidelines, organic farming acknowledges the integrity of plants as an essential element of its natural approaches to crop production. For cultivated plants, integrity refers to their inherent nature, wholeness, completeness, species-specific characteristics, and their being in balance with their (organically farmed) environment, while accomplishing their “natural aim.” We argue that this integrity of plants has ethical value, distinguishing integrity of life, plant-typic integrity, genotypic integrity, and phenotypic integrity. We have developed qualitative criteria to ethically evaluate existing practices and have applied these criteria to assess whether current plant breeding and propagation techniques violate the integrity of crop plants. This process has resulted in a design of a holistic, scientific approach of organic plant breeding and seed production. Our evaluation has met considerable criticism from mainstream (crop) scientists. We respond to the following questions: (1). Can ethics be incorporated into objective crop sciences? (2). What is the nature of the intrinsic value of plants in organic farming? We argue that criteria to take integrity into account can only be assessed from a holistic perspective and we show that a holistic approach is needed to design such ethical notions in a consistent way. The ethical notions have been further elaborated by formulating human responsibility and respect towards crop plants. Responsibility and respect can only be shown by providing crop plants the right to be nurtured and to express natural behavior at all levels of integrity.     

利用超声波CT的容器内温度测量

本研究的目的是建立一种应用超声波CT原理测量容器内温度分布的非破坏性检测方法.为了详细描述超声波穿过铝管的传播过程(铝管内装满水),基于FDM(有限差分方法)编制的计算机源码用于计算机模拟,计算模拟结果与测定的超声传播时间相当吻合.同时,建立了一套温度测量的实验装置,以测定管道内的平均温度和温度分布,在温度分布测量中,CT技术被用于测量管道内的对称温度分布.结果显示整个测定系统的测量误差不超过±2度.     

一种基于数据融合的林火火线动态蔓延预测方法的研究

准确预测林火蔓延对于有效防治野火危害具有重要意义。传统林火蔓延速度场经验模型需要可燃物特性、坡度、温度及湿度等众多实测参数,由于参数均具有不同的时空分布,限制了模型的实际应用。因此提出速度场实时测量及水平集法模拟林火蔓延两种技术相结合的方法,通过测定火蔓延锋面的位置获取当前时刻锋面处的速度场分布并对此速度场在未燃烧区域进行延拓,结合水平集法预测林火蔓延,并使用数值模拟及实验数据验证了该方法能够有效预测短期内林火蔓延趋势,得出基于速度场的数据融合方法可满足实际林火蔓延建模的需求。     

基于传递熵与KELM的炼油化工过程风险传播路径分析方法

基于炼油化工过程复杂,设备众多,某一设备的监测变量发生扰动可能会传播至其相邻设备引发出一系列故障链。现有方法多是针对某一设备进行监测与诊断,以期降低事故后果,而忽视了对过程风险传播路径的预测以防止事故的发生。因此,提出一种基于传递熵与核极限学习机的炼油化工过程风险传播路径分析方法,该方法针对某一工艺扰动,分析其在风险发展过程中的扰动传播过程,基于传递熵分析法建立炼油化工过程风险传播推绎模型;并提出一种基于KELM的风险传播搜索方法,预测风险传播路径;将该方法应用于分馏塔冲塔过程。研究结果表明:该方法可辨识出未来一段时间内风险的可能传播路径,以便操作人员及时采取预防措施,保证过程安全及产品质量。     

循环载荷下煤样不同方向渗透特性试验研究

针对循环采动过程中煤层不同方向渗透特征的演化规律问题,以平顶山十二矿己15煤层煤样为研究对象,利用自行研制的应力-渗流-解吸煤体变形试验装置,开展了循环围压加载下煤样不同方向渗透试验。研究结果表明:在相同的轴压、围压和平均孔隙压力下,试样平行层理面方向的渗透率大于垂直层理,平行层理面内的渗透率相差不大。在围压恒定的情况下,通过试样的流量随着渗透压差的增大而增大,且二者之间的关系可以用二次函数描述;围压增加,导致裂隙闭合,渗透率减小,当循环围压大于煤屈服强度和抗压强度时,裂隙扩展,渗透率增加;循环围压加载可以改变煤样原有不同方向渗透率大小顺序,渗透率与原初始渗透率比值随循环加载次数的增加而增大。     

两栖装备入舰引导系统方案研究

目的针对两栖装备上下登陆舰时自动化程度低、无法全天候实施的问题,提高恶劣海况和黑夜条件下的登舰作业能力,提出一种两栖装备入舰引导系统设计方案。方法依托装备再制造升级技术手段,通过水下探测器接收登陆舰发射的超声波定位脉冲信号,获得装备相对位置和路线规划信息,有效规避航线水下障碍物,提高装备登舰的准确度和效率。结果针对系统发出的超声波信号部分被水下超声接收器接收的情况,对海水、海洋环境噪声和海洋混响等因素对声波信号传输特性的影响展开研究,重点分析了浅海海域的季节性声速剖面、传播过程中的声强损失,对海洋环境噪声、海底和海面的等效平面波混响级进行数学建模,通过静态和动态试验,验证了模型推导的准确性和数据的可靠性。结论通过浅海多径传播信号合成模型和双路径传播的信号衰减模式的推导,为求解声波传播模型的波动方程奠定了基础。     

爆破冲击波在台阶法隧道内的传播特性研究

为了解决目前隧道施工过程中掌子面开挖爆破产生的冲击波容易造成工程灾害的问题,基于宁攀高速胜利隧道台阶法开挖的实际情况,采用动力分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA及现场测试的方法研究冲击波在隧道上下台阶区段的传播规律。研究结果表明：初始冲击波传播至下台阶断面时先扩散至中上区域,与拱顶及侧壁碰撞反射后再传播至下部区域;冲击波在下台阶段0～10 m范围内,经多次反射叠加形成提升幅度约30%的第2次超压峰值;冲击波由上台阶较小断面进入下台阶较大断面传播时,超压衰减速度相对加快,过渡界面前后10 m范围内衰减系数由1.01%最高提升至1.05%。现场实测数据与数值模拟结果在上下台阶段得到的波形传播规律基本一致,验证数值模拟的可靠性。研究结果可为实际工程中爆破冲击波在变截面隧道中的控制措施提供参考。