热反硝化地芽孢杆菌水解催化剩余污泥提取蛋白质

为实现剩余污泥无害化处理以及资源化利用,采用从高温堆肥基质中筛选出的可产蛋白酶、淀粉酶等胞外酶的嗜热菌—热反硝化地芽孢杆菌对污泥氮源进行提取,分析反应时间、污泥含固率以及嗜热菌粗酶液接种量对蛋白质提取的影响,并确定最佳反应条件.结果表明：水解过程中各因素对蛋白质回收率作用大小为：接种量>时间>含固率,得出最优工艺条件为：pH=7、T=60℃、t=8h、污泥含固率为4%以及嗜热菌接种量为20%,在此条件下污泥蛋白质提取率达到32.05%,氨基酸含量为359.6mg/L,多肽含量为1060.1mg/L,且污泥上清液粒径随着反应的进行逐渐减小.     

两级序批式反应器运行模式下平板膜污染机理研究

从膜污染物分析、微生物代谢产物EPS、SMP对膜污染的影响等方面,对两级序批式反应器运行模式下的平板膜污染机理进行了试验研究.结果表明,膜表面及膜孔内部存在以球菌、杆菌为主的生物污染,膜表面的无机污染物主要是Fe、Na、Zr、Rb、Ca等化合物在浓差极化的作用下超过其溶解度极限后结晶形成的盐垢,膜表面的有机污染物主要是蛋白质,是形成膜表面凝胶层的主要原因,而蛋白质在膜面为伴随有电子转移的化学吸附,从而引起膜通量严重下降.     

不同浓度铵态氮对苦草的生理影响

研究了苦草在不同浓度(0.02,0.05,0.10,0.30,0.60,1.00,3.00mg/L)铵态氮中暴露14d后,其生物量的变化、叶片游离氨基酸态氮、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量以及O2-×信号强度、抗氧化酶活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的响应.结果表明,各浓度组苦草的生物量无显著变化,但是各生理指标变化显著.当铵态氮浓度为0.30mg/L时,苦草叶片中游离氨基酸态氮的含量即开始显著升高.当铵态氮浓度达到0.60mg/L时,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著升高,表明苦草诱导产生氧化应激但未受到氧化损伤.当铵态氮浓度高于1.00mg/L时,SOD和过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著升高,O2-×信号强度显著增强,叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量显著降低.当铵态氮浓度为0.02mg/L时,O2-×信号强度显著增强.综上,铵态氮浓度低于0.60mg/L苦草生长良好,浓度31.00mg/L苦草光合能力受到抑制、代谢受到干扰.苦草对铵态氮最敏感的生理生化指标是叶片中游离氨基酸态氮含量.铵态氮作为沉水植物的一种营养物质,当其含量较低时,植物由于营养缺乏诱导产生自由基.     

土壤宏蛋白质组学蛋白质提取方法及其应用

土壤宏蛋白质组学在揭示土壤微生物功能、代谢与环境相互作用方面具有广阔的应用前景,但由于土壤样品的特殊性,土壤蛋白质提取步骤是限制土壤宏蛋白质组学大规模应用的瓶颈之一.本文从样品制备、提取方法、影响因素等方面综述了土壤蛋白提取方面的研究进展.一般来说,根据实验目的、蛋白种类及后续研究方法设计相应的分组成收集策略才能取得较好的提取效果.土壤总蛋白、胞内蛋白与胞外蛋白分别有不同的提取方法.总蛋白提取一般采用直接提取法;胞外蛋白不需要裂解;胞内蛋白提取方法有直接提取法和间接提取法等.裂解、浓缩、去除腐殖质的方法以及提取液、pH值的选择等也会影响提取效果.此外,简单介绍了土壤宏蛋白质组学的应用,并对今后的研究工作提出展望.表1参36     

mCry1Ac基因在抗虫转基因玉米Bt799中的表达特征

采用双抗夹心酶联免疫法(ELISA)定量检测转mCry1 Ac基因抗虫玉米Bt799在不同生育期不同植株部位的mCry1Ac蛋白含量。结果显示:mCry1 Ac基因在整个生育期玉米叶、茎、根和种子中均能表达,mCry1Ac蛋白含量为(0.82±0.10)~(15.83±1.77)μg·g-1;随着生育期和植株部位的不同,mCry1Ac蛋白含量呈现明显的时空动态变化,其中,叶、茎和根中mCry1Ac蛋白含量随转基因玉米生育期的推移均呈增加趋势,并均在完熟期达最高;在除苗期外的其他各生育期叶中mCry1Ac蛋白含量均显著高于其他植株部位,而在完熟期种子中mCry1Ac蛋白含量在各植株部位中最低,为(2.86±1.71)μg·g-1。     

从玉米淀粉生产浸泡水中提取蛋白质及脂多糖的研究

提出了一种提取分离玉米浸泡水中蛋白质及脂多糖的方法.首先将大部分蛋白质分离出来,然后利用脂多糖易被活性炭吸附的特点,用活性炭将脂多糖从经过浓缩和去除了蛋白质的浸泡水中吸附分离出来.再使脂多糖从活性炭上脱附,同时考虑脂多糖的提纯.本文将脂多糖脱附与提纯两步合并为一步,通过活性炭色谱分离实现.得到脂多糖初步产品后,为了提高其经济价值,采用色谱分离对脂多糖进行提纯,最终使产品纯度达到97.4%.     

胚胎期草甘膦铵盐暴露对中华鳖幼体的表型与生理表现的影响

草甘膦是全球范围内生产与使用量最大的除草剂。虽然草甘膦制剂被分于低毒等级,但是许多研究显示其对动物的生理、行为表达具有广泛的干扰作用。本研究将中华鳖胚胎暴露于不同浓度的草甘膦铵盐溶液以评估草甘膦除草剂对其胚胎发育及孵出幼体表型及生理表现的影响。结果显示:一定浓度范围(5～5 000 mg·L~(-1))内,草甘膦铵盐对中华鳖胚胎发育速率、孵出幼体大小、游泳能力、肝脏甘油三酯含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性、丙二醛含量以及热激蛋白70 mRNA相对表达量无显著影响。结果表明:一定浓度范围草甘膦除草剂暴露对中华鳖胚胎发育的影响较小,不改变孵出幼体的表型及其生理表现。     

Bioabsorbable soy protein plastic composites: Effect of polyphosphate fillers on water absorption and mechanical properties

The use of synthetic and natural bioabsorbable plastics has been severely limited due to their low stiffness and strength properties as well as their strong tendency to absorb moisture. This research focused on the development of bioabsorbable polyphosphate filler/soy protein plastic composites with enhanced stiffness, strength, and water resistance. Bioabsorbable polyphosphate fillers, biodegradable soy protein isolate, plasticizer, and adhesion promoter were homogenized and compression-molded. Physical, mechanical, and water absorption testing was performed on the molded specimens. Results showed improvements in stiffness, strength, and water resistance with increasing polyphosphate filler content up to 20% by weight. Application of a coupling agent produced further mechanical property enhancements and a dramatic improvement in water resistance, interpreted by an interfacial chemical bonding model. Examination of the fracture surfaces of the materials revealed that the addition of the polyphosphate fillers changed the failure mode from brittle to pseudo-ductile. These results suggest that these materials are suitable for many load-bearing applications in both humid and dry environments where current soy protein plastics are not usable.     

Effect of diet manipulation in dairy cow N balance and nitrogen oxides emissions from grasslands in northern Spain

Dietary modifications in dairy cattle have been reported as a useful strategy to alter the composition of manure. Many reports have been published on how changes in dietary crude protein content and forage-to-concentrate ratio reduces animal nitrogen (N) excretion, but little information exists about the effect of diet modification on nitrous oxide (N₂O) and nitric oxide (NO) emission when the subsequent slurry is applied on grassland. Two diets differing in forage:concentrate ratio (high forage or HF diet, 75:25; low forage or LF diet, 55:45) were tested to detect the improvement of N use efficiency in milk and the reduction of urinary and fecal N excretion. Triticale silage and barley grain were used as the main forage and concentrate sources in the diets. The subsequent slurries were characterized for N and ammonium-N content (NH₄⁺-N) and applied on grassland in order to study total and pattern of emission of N₂O and NO.The HF diet reduced the voluntary dry matter intake of the cows, N intake and urinary and fecal N excretion. However, the reduction of N intake did not improve the N use efficiency in milk (NUE) (21.0%) and did not reduce N excretion per unit of milk produced (15 g N l⁻¹) due to the lower milk yield. Slurries were similar in N content but differed in NH₄⁺ content, being lower in HF. Therefore, different slurry amounts were needed to be applied on grassland to reach the correct fertilisation rate (120 kg NH₄⁺-N ha⁻¹). Total emissions of N₂O (5.8 and 5.0 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹) and NO (507.2 and 568.6 g NO-N ha⁻¹), and the pattern of emissions were not affected by dietary treatments. When fertilisation management depends on the collected volume to empty the slurry pit, higher N₂O and NO emissions per kg of slurry could be expected from LF slurry. Nevertheless, if slurry is applied following recommendation rates, N₂O and NO emission per unit of milk produced might be slightly lower from LF slurry. Grass yield (1.5 t dry matter ha⁻¹) and N uptake (50 kg N ha⁻¹) did not vary due to the applications of different slurries, and was attributed to low rainfalls. The correct management of the slurries on grasslands may justify an adequate nutritional strategy of dairy herds from an environmental and productive point of view.