北京市北神树生活垃圾填埋场产甲烷菌的群落结构和演替规律

产甲烷菌是填埋场稳定化的关键微生物.以北京市北神树垃圾填埋场为采样地,钻井采集了填埋深度6~36.1 m,填埋时间2~15 a的垃圾样品.采用PCR检验其中产甲烷菌的种类,并基于QPCR技术获得的数据,研究了各类产甲烷菌随时间和深度的数量变化,及其与垃圾化学性质之间的关系.发现堆体内有机质含量基本稳定,p H呈弱碱性,符合产甲烷阶段的化学特性.检测出两类乙酸营养型产甲烷菌(Methanosaeta和Methanosarcina),一类氢营养型产甲烷菌(Methanobacterials).随着填埋时间的延长,产甲烷菌呈现出先升高后下降的趋势,填埋9 a以上的垃圾中产甲烷菌群落结构趋于稳定.乙酸营养型的Methanosarcina为优势类群.三类产甲烷菌的含量与挥发性脂肪酸含量显著相关,与各类大分子有机质含量相关性很弱或不相关,表明产甲烷菌的数量受底物含量的影响,而在填埋2 a以上的垃圾中,大分子水解、发酵等作用对产甲烷菌影响微弱.     

基于HR/CFD技术的城市汽车尾气扩散规律研究

为研究城市空间结构对汽车尾气扩散规律,根据高分辨率遥感影像建立了某城市核心区域几何模型。以当地常年气象风向作为重要的边界条件之一,应用CFD多相流技术,模拟了十字交叉口车辆队列怠速等候35,45,55 s时的尾气扩散过程,并对45 s时4个监测点的体积分数进行了实测,最后,通过建筑高度优化,降低了该区域的尾气含量。以上研究结果表明:在空间狭小区域,近地空间CO体积分数达1.0×10-7,与研究域平均体积分数相差100倍以上,说明城市空间结构对尾气扩散影响较大,仿真所揭示的规律与实测吻合。建筑设计时应结合当地气象风向和风速,应设计一定的建筑高度梯度,可以促使污浊气体迅速扩散至远地空间。     

Dynamics of abundance and population structure of sea otters, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Enhydra lutris</Emphasis> L., on the Commander Archipelago and activity of their migrations between Islands

Fluctuations in the abundance of insular groups of sea otters on the Commander Archipelago are analyzed with regard to changes in meteorological conditions. The main factors responsible for the abrupt decline of the Bering Sea group between 2002 and 2004 are discussed. A statistically significant correlation has been revealed between fluctuations of sea otter abundance and the cycles of solar activity in the period since 1992. Changes in the age and sex structure of the insular groups of sea otters are evaluated.     

Energy-Saving Effect Calculation and Implementation Strategy Study on the Industrial Structure Adjustment in Western China

The western region is an important strategic base of energy in China. The average per capita possession of fossil energy in the west is twice that in China. On the basis of the analysis of the mechanism how industrial structure adjustment affects energy consumption per unit of gross domestic product (GDP), the energy input-output table of western China was designed and compiled. Combining multiobjective planning techniques, setting energy-saving, economic growth, and laborer's income growth as the goals, setting basic input-output relations, production capacity, and labor as the constraints, the multiobjective optimization model of western energy input-output was constructed. The results of industrial structure optimization of western China show that: with technology and product price remaining unchanged, the adjustment of the industrial structure can reduce energy consumption per unit GDP by 2.7%, at the same time ensuring the average annual increase of GDP and laborer's income of western region in excess of 8%. It indicates that industrial structure adjustment is an effective method in accomplishing the aim of energy saving. Finally, policy suggestions from four angles, such as industrial chain and financial policies, were put forward.     

Economic Analysis of CO2 Emission Trends in China

Climate change is one of hot spots all around the world. China, the second biggest CO₂ emitter, is facing increasingly severe pressure to reduce CO₂ emission. The article first describes Kaya Identity and its policy implications. Second, it uses the modified Kaya Identity and makes decomposition without residues on CO₂ emission during the period 1971-2005. Taking into account the changes of macroeconomic background, it conducts a detailed analysis in terms of CO₂ emission trend from 4^th Five Year Plan through 10^th Five Year Plan. The decomposition results indicate that economic development and increase in population are major driving forces, and that improvement in energy efficiency contributes to the reduction of CO₂ emission, and that decarbonization in primary energy structure is also an important strategic choice. Finally, the article stresses that in CO₂ order to realize the binding target of 20% reduction in GDP energy intensity during the 11^th Five Year Plan, China should speed up the readjustment of the industrial structure and energetically develop the energy-efficient technologies and clean fuel technology, which will effectively promote the country to reduce CO₂ emission and contribute to the mitigation of climate change.     

沈阳商业城火灾及灾后修复

介绍了发生在沈阳商业城的火灾及灾后调查、检测和加固情况，从中得到一些有意义的看法。     

Determination of the carbon content of biomass—A prerequisite to estimate the complete biodegradation of polymers

This article presents a method to determine the carbon content of biomass, which is formed when degrading biodegradable polymers in an aerobic aqueous test system. Existing methods for determining the carbon content of biomass (e.g., fumigazation, protein assays, dry solids) have several disadvantages when applied for polymer degradation tests. In this work a protein assay based on the Lowry method was used. It was shown that the ratio between protein and carbon content is not constant but depends on the composition of the microbial population, the growth phase, and the substrate supply. This effect was used for the method presented in this article. For determining the carbon content of biomass the absorbance obtained by the Lowry test is correlated directly with the carbon content of biomass in dependence on the duration of the degradation test. The calibration curves are obtained by a mixed population of microorganisms during the course of a degradation test.     

Mammalian community characteristics on surface mine lands in Pennsylvania

Mammalian communities were studied on 10 surface mines over a four year period. The size and composition of these communities varied among the different areas. The size, composition, and spatial distribution of these mammalian communities were related to the structure of the plant community, and native plant species were of greater importance in determining size and composition of these communities than were those used in reclamation.     

旅皖国内旅游者消费结构初探

分析比较了2001年旅皖国内旅游者消费结构的特点和原因,认为国内旅游者消费结构以刚性旅游消费为主,弹性旅游消费比重较低;普遍具有较强的住宿、餐饮消费偏好,购物、娱乐是消费弱项.为引导旅游者关注弹性消费,实现消费结构合理化,促进安徽省旅游业产业结构的优化升级和经济效益的持续增长,应构建形式多样的大众娱乐设施,丰富旅游景区的娱乐功能,提升旅游商品档次和销售能力,建设多功能购物街,多方位营造安全的旅游消费环境.