国家应急管理工作组合作网络的社会网络分析

为研究具有中国特色的非常规突发事件应急管理拳头模式,将国家应急管理工作组(NEMWG)合作网络视为一个大型社会合作网络,分析其结构特征和运行机制。以汶川地震为例,基于二分网络构建应对汶川地震的NEMWG合作网络模型,其中将政府应急主体视为节点,应急主体在工作组中的合作关系视为边。基于社会网络分析的度、介数和接近性3类中心性指标,分析政府职能部门、军队和大型国有企业等应急主体,在合作网络中的个体位置优先性和重要性。结果表明,各应急主体在汶川地震应对合作网络中具有不同的活动能力、控制能力和依赖性,应据此进一步完善NEMWG组织架构,构建适应性更强的政府应急管理体系。     

以河床井水为应急水源的可行性研究

为解决城市水源地突发污染事故引起的自来水厂断水问题,提出了以河床井水代替受污染河水作为应急水源的应急预案,在取水口附近的河床打一口水井,当城市水源地发生突发污染事故时,关闭取水头水阀,开启水井水阀,以河床井水作为应急水源,并通过模拟试验验证了其可行性.结果表明,在细沙体积分数为40％的土壤条件下,原水苯胺质量浓度分别为952 mg/L、781 mg/L、580 mg/L、452mg/L、352mg/L、182mg/L的试验中,出水苯胺质量浓度开始超标的时间随土壤渗透系数减小而延迟,与原水苯胺质量浓度无关.当土壤渗透系数为1.94×10-5～ 3.64×10-5 cm/s时,出水苯胺质量浓度开始超标的时间为84～ 144h,以河床井水作为应急水源可以避免由河水突发污染引起的84h内的自来水厂断水事故.土壤对苯胺的吸附量仅占原水中苯胺含量的14.95％～ 2.86％,其对出水苯胺质量浓度开始超标的时间的影响可以忽略,出水苯胺开始出现的时间主要由土壤渗透系数决定.出水苯胺最大质量浓度随原水苯胺质量浓度增大呈线性增加,线性方程为y =0.4979x-3.7029,R2=0.9775.研究表明,以河床井水作为应急水源,能够有效地降低城市因突发污染事故而引起的自来水厂断水的可能性.     

Participatory Model Calibration for Improving Resource Management Systems: Case Study of Rainwater Harvesting in an Indian Village

While planning resource management systems in rural areas, it is important to consider criteria that are specific to the local social conditions. Such criteria might change from one region to another and are hence best identified using a participatory approach. In this work, we propose a participatory framework to identify such criteria and derive their weights. These identified criteria and their weights are used as parameters to develop a quantitative model for evaluating efficiency of each system. Such a model can serve as a support tool for stakeholders to simulate and analyze “what‐if” scenarios, evaluate alternatives, and select one which best satisfies their requirements. We use existing systems to test the model by comparing efficiencies evaluated by the model to efficiencies perceived by the stakeholders. The model is calibrated by repeating the process until statistically significant correlation is achieved between evaluated and perceived efficiencies. The novelty of the proposed framework lies in treating efficiencies perceived by the stakeholders as the ground truth since they know these systems well and are their ultimate users. The framework is successfully demonstrated using case study of rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems in an Indian village. The resulting calibrated model can be used to plan new RWH systems in this region and similar regions elsewhere. The framework can be used to plan other resource management systems in various regions.     

水生态文明建设中公众参与的现实困境与出路研究——以巢湖生态文明先行示范区为例

水生态文明建设是一项长期且复杂的系统工程,需要全社会的协同努力,尤其需要公众的广泛参与.在剖析水生态文明定义及内涵的基础上,对巢湖生态文明先行示范区水生态文明建设中公众参与的困境进行分析与评估,从完善法律制度;强化宣传教育;渠道及反馈机制的构建;推动非政府组织发展等角度提出完善该地区水生态文明建设中公众参与的机制和对策,为其他地区公众参与水生态文明建设提供借鉴和思路.     

公众认知、感知价值与灾害气象服务满意度的关系研究——以深圳市3029份《公众气象安全认知度调查问卷》数据为例

目前从公众认知水平的角度出发,评价灾害气象服务满意度的文献较少。该文创新性地提出了公众气象认知这一概念,以深圳市3 029份公众气象安全认知度调查数据为例,采用结构方程模型,评估了公众认知、感知价值与灾害气象服务满意度之间的关系。研究发现,公众认知水平对灾害气象服务满意度的评价具有重要的影响。另外还发现:1深圳市公众对于气象服务总体评价良好,对台风期间的气象服务的满意度最高,而对气象预警信息获得的便捷性的满意度最低;2公众气象认知与灾害气象服务感知价值均显著影响公众对于灾害气象服务的满意度;3提高公众气象认知,可通过促进对气象服务价值的感知,进而提高公众的满意度。针对以上结论,给出了相应的政策建议。     

Organisational aspects of public engagement in European energy infrastructure planning: the case of early-stage CCS projects

Recent years have witnessed a proliferation of studies on public perceptions of carbon capture and storage (CCS), accompanied by efforts to translate such knowledge into toolkits for public engagement and communication. At the same time, both literature and toolkits have paid little attention to the organisational dynamics and views of project implementers with regard to public engagement. Here we investigate the views of project development consortia employees in five European CCS projects, focusing on their experience of organisational norms and structures relating to engagement. Finding that planning for this engagement has, in several cases, been hampered by a lack of shared internal vision on engagement and communication within the project consortia, at least initially, we draw upon the socio-technical approach to technology embedment and new institutional theory, to observe that internal organisational alignment is crucial in multi-organisational projects when seeking effective public engagement and communication. We observe that this aspect of internal organisation is not yet reflected in the toolkits and guidelines designed to aid engagement in CCS projects. Engagement guides need to direct the attention of project implementers not only in specific outward directions, but also towards reflexively considering their own internal structures, perspectives, motivations, expectations and aims in relation to engagement and communication practice.     

The implicit price of urban public parks and greenways: a spatial-contextual approach

This paper examines the value residents place on public parks in a mid-sized urban area. The analysis makes a direct contribution to the literature by examining the extent to which spatial and neighbourhood context is related to the house price premium or discount associated with public recreational opportunities, natural resource areas and urban greenways. The analysis shows that the value of public parks and greenways varies across space, neighbourhood context and park type. Community area fixed-effects are included to bolster the findings. The findings indicate that park and greenway investment should be planned and managed contextually in urban areas. Park planners can use these findings to inform public policy debates over park investment and, perhaps, support efforts focused on comprehensive neighbourhood planning.     

Conservation on private land: a review of global strategies with a proposed classification system

With parks and protected areas insufficient to sustain global biodiversity, the role of private land in biodiversity conservation is becoming increasingly significant. This paper reviews global voluntary and involuntary strategies for private land conservation. Involuntary strategies can achieve effective conservation outcomes, but often lack social acceptability. In contrast, voluntary strategies enjoy greater social acceptance but may not achieve sufficient uptake to have meaningful conservation objectives. Based on the review, we propose a classification system for private land conservation as a complement to the International Union for Conservation of Nature's (IUCN's) classification of global protected areas. The classification system provides a framework for identifying and describing conservation strategies on private land on the dimension of tenure and security. It also identifies opportunities and vulnerabilities in achieving conservation on private land while emphasising the need for systematic data collection similar to IUCN's efforts for protected areas.     

Introducing a Low‐Head Dam Fatality Database and Internet Information Portal

Low‐head dams can cause dangerous currents near the downstream face of the structure. Fatalities at low‐head dams with such currents, often referred to as “drowning machines,” are poorly documented. This technical note presents a new database of fatalities at low‐head dams in the United States together with an interactive map and web‐based user interface. The primary purpose of the system is to raise awareness, generate interest, and educate the general public and decision makers regarding these dangerous structures and the need for remediation. The database was designed as a normalized relational database of event dates, severity, location, reporter, and other circumstances. The open‐access user interface allows the general public to browse fatal incidents by geographic location and to read incident circumstances. The system allows submission of new contributions from users including all metadata needed to characterize the incident. The database is structured to include documentation verifying each entry. The site can be viewed at http://dams.byu.edu/ .     

Whose energy transition is it,anyway? Organisation and ownership of the Energiewende in villages,cities and regions

As one of the most ambitious national energy transition initiatives worldwide, the German Energiewende is attracting a huge amount of attention globally in both policy and research circles. The paper explores the implementation of Germany's energy transition through the lens of organisation and ownership in urban and regional contexts. Following a summary of the principal institutional challenges of the Energiewende at local and regional levels the paper develops a novel way of conceptualising the institutional to urban and regional energy transitions in terms of agency and power, ideas and discourse, and commons and ownership. This analytical heuristic is applied to a two-tier empirical study of the Berlin–Brandenburg region. The first tier involves a survey of the organisational landscape of energy infrastructures and services in cities, towns and villages in Brandenburg. The second tier comprises a case study of current, competing initiatives for (re-)gaining ownership of the power grid and utility in Berlin. The paper draws conclusions on the diverse and dynamic organisational responses to the Energiewende at the local level, what these tell us about urban and regional energy governance and how they are inspired by – or in opposition to – new forms of collective ownership resonant of recent debates on reclaiming the commons. It concludes with observations on how relational approaches to institutional research and the notion of the commons can guide and inspire future research on socio-technical transitions in general, and urban energy transitions in particular.