氧化石墨烯和多环芳烃与肺表面活性物质间的相互作用

为阐明氧化石墨烯与多环芳烃这一复合污染体系与肺表面活性物质（PS）的作用,考察了各组分之间的作用方式及效应,并对作用机制进行分析.结果表明,PS及其组分对多环芳烃有增溶作用,增溶能力依次为萘 < 苊 < 苯并（a）蒽;氧化石墨烯对多环芳烃和PS有一定的吸附作用,且多环芳烃和PS存在竞争吸附,入肺后PS及其组分占据多环芳烃的吸附位点而负载于氧化石墨烯表面;多环芳烃在PS及其组分增溶作用下在氧化石墨烯表面解析,毒性增强;DPPC由竞争吸附产生的解析效果尤为显著,当苯并（a）蒽的加入量到0.6mg/L时,DPPC于GO上吸附量减少了28.92mg/g;同时,多环芳烃和PS均会促使氧化石墨烯团聚,粒径增大3倍以上;C=C键的增多和化学键转化产生的作用力影响了氧化石墨烯的稳定性.本研究为复合污染对肺的潜在毒性效应及肺风险评估提供了一定的理论支撑.     

臭氧和PM2.5对慢阻肺死亡影响及气温修饰效应

采用广义相加模型评估臭氧和细颗粒物（PM_2.5）暴露对2008~2017年上海浦东居民慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）死亡的超额危险度（ER）和寿命损失年（YLL）的影响.结果表明：臭氧污染集中在4~6月,PM_2.5污染集中在12月、1~2月,10a间臭氧浓度逐年增加,PM_2.5有小幅下降;在最大滞后效应下,臭氧每增加10μg/m³,ER和YLL分别为1.34%（95% CI：0.57%~2.12%）和54.98（95% CI：16.36~106.41）人·a;PM_2.5每增加10μg/m³,两者分别为2.66%（95% CI：1.54%~3.79%）和130.92（95% CI：42.47~274.28）人·a;臭氧对男性和<85岁人群影响显著,PM_2.5对女性和³85岁人群影响显著;暖季时臭氧暴露相关的COPD死亡风险更高,冷季时PM_2.5暴露相关的COPD死亡风险更高.臭氧和PM_2.5致COPD死亡的影响可能因气温水平而异.     

重庆大气污染与儿童肺功能横截面研究

1995年 ,在重庆市城区及远郊区进行了儿童家庭问卷调查、气溶胶 (PM1 0 、PM2 .5 )及 SO2 的测试 ,并在两个点 (城区华新小学 ,远郊北碚红岩小学 )进行二次儿童肺功能的测定。通过城区和郊区 3 53 6例 (其中男性 1 74 4例 ,女性 1 792例 )儿童肺功能数据的比较 ,说明重庆大气污染 ,特别是气溶胶的污染已影响到儿童肺功能。与美国比较 ,重庆儿童较美国的儿童肺功能 (FVC,FEV1 )要低 9%～ 1 4 %。同时得到青春前期 (7～ 1 4岁 )儿童肺功能 (FVC,FEV1 )的参考值的计算公式     

Postnatal management and long-term outcome for survivors with congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Significant advances in the postnatal management of patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) have resulted in a remarkable improvement in survival rates over the past two decades. The success of current postnatal management of CDH patients has rendered fetal intervention to be limited to the most severe cases, and the role for prenatal treatment of CDH patients remains unclear. The adoption of lung-preserving strategies including high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) have improved CDH outcomes especially in those patients with significant ventilatory or circulatory compromise. Survival rates of up to 90% are being reported in some high-volume centers. However, the increased survival in CDH patients has been accompanied by an increase in neurological, nutritional and musculoskeletal morbidity among the long-term survivors. This has resulted in the need to provide resources for the long-term follow-up and support of this patient population. In this article, the postnatal management strategies and primary and secondary outcomes of high-volume international pediatric surgical centers will be reviewed. Finally, the role of a multidisciplinary management team for the follow-up of long-term CDH survivors will be discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Respiratory Impairment in Cotton-Ginning Workers Exposed to Cotton Dust

Dust generated during the handling and processing of cotton causes ill health of ginning workers. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of respiratory symptoms among cotton-ginning workers. This study involved 188 workers of 10 cotton-ginning factories. Forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) declined significantly with increasing duration of exposure (p < .001) of the cotton-ginning workers. Results of a standard respirator medical evaluation questionnaire indicated that, depending on duration of exposure, 51%–71% of cotton-ginning workers suffered from chest tightness, 55%–62% experienced chest pain, while 33%–42% of the workers reported frequent cough. Blood tests of the workers showed higher values of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, eosinophils, and white blood cells when exposure was longer. Byssinosis symptoms were observed among the workers. We recommend regular periodical medical check-ups, compulsory use of personal protective equipment, and proper ventilation at the workplace.     

PM2.5暴露对肺AQP1表达的影响研究

为研究肺水通道蛋白1（AQP1）在PM_2.5暴露引起肺损伤中的作用,本文首先在细胞水平上检测了PM_2.5暴露对肺上皮细胞A549的细胞存活率、细胞AQP1的mRNA和蛋白表达变化,以及AQP1在细胞内的表达定位的影响.另外,将10只雄性SD大鼠随机分为2组：对照组和PM _2.5染毒组（1.5 mg·kg^-1体重）,每组5只,采用气管滴注法染毒,每隔1 d染毒1次,共2周,制备PM_2.5暴露大鼠模型,进一步观察PM_2.5暴露对大鼠肺AQP1表达及肺组织损伤的影响情况.结果显示,PM_2.5暴露可引起肺上皮细胞A549形态异常和存活率降低.PM_2.5暴露后的24 h内A549细胞的AQP1 mRNA及蛋白相对表达水平先升高,并在暴露后的12 h内达到最高水平,然后有所下降;免疫荧光结果也证实AQP1蛋白在PM_2.5暴露后表达水平升高,并呈现从细胞质向细胞膜定位的过程;用PM_2.5暴露处理SD大鼠肺组织中AQP1表达亦显著增加,并且肺组织出现肺泡隔增厚,并有广泛的水肿充血及炎症细胞浸润.总之,PM_2.5暴露可诱导A549细胞及大鼠肺组织内AQP1的表达升高,可能参与PM_2.5暴露引起的肺病理性损伤过程.     

Cadmium and chromium in human lung tissue in relation to smoking and lung cancer

The pulmonary Cd and Cr content was determined from 53 lung cancer patients operated for cancer and from 39 patients who died of non‐malignant diseases. The results were correlated with smoking habits, pulmonary emphysema and occupational history. Both the pulmonary Cd and Cr increased with the amount of smoking. In ex‐smokers the Cr content in lung tissue did not diminish with the time since stopping smoking, but the Cd did follow the half‐life of about 9 years. The pulmonary Cd, compared with smoking habits, behaved similarly in both the lung cancer and control patients, whereas Cr in the lung cancer patients could not be explained solely by smoking, but some of the cancer patients may have been occupationally exposed to Cr. Speciation was not studied.     

冬季颗粒物暴露对体育教师自觉症状及肺功能健康影响的研究

拟通过对比冬季雾霾天气颗粒物对户外体育教师和室内教师的自觉症状及肺功能的影响,为高污染天气下室外体育教师的个人防护提供理论参考,为完善颗粒物的人体健康暴露风险评估提供方法支持和理论依据。通过问卷调查和个体颗粒物暴露的研究方法,对80名室外体育教师和80名室内教师的个体呼吸机能状况、自觉症状评价、用力呼气肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力呼气容量(FEV_1)、FEV_1/FVC、峰流速值(PEF)、肺活量(VC)和每分钟最大通气量(MVV)进行调查和测定,比较户外教师和室内教师、不同教龄和日工作时长以及吸烟史对颗粒物暴露的易感性及在呼吸系统症状、肺通气功能上的差异。研究结果表明,同样的工作时间内,室内和室外教师在个人的颗粒物暴露浓度和剂量上呈现出差异显著性;教龄、日工作时间和吸烟史与个人的自觉症状评价和肺功能指标之间存在着显著的相关关系,具有显著性差异(P 0.05或P 0.01)。以上研究表明,冬季雾霾天气下教师的健康状况受到一定的负面影响,户外体育教师肺功能和自我症状评价状况劣于室内教师;雾霾天气下教龄和日工作时长、肺功能和吸烟史与自我症状评价状况呈负相关。