纳米颗粒物对肺表面活性物质界面性质的影响

以纳米二氧化硅、纳米碳粉、纳米氧化锌、纳米氧化铈、纳米碳化硅和纳米四氧化三铁等纳米颗粒物(NPs)为代表,研究其对肺表面活性物质(PS)界面性质的影响.结果表明,NPs对PS中的磷脂和蛋白组分均有吸附作用,其中纳米二氧化硅和纳米四氧化三铁分别对磷脂和蛋白组分的吸附能力最强,吸附率为89.3%和82.5%.NPs的存在会导致PS溶液的表面张力升高,这当中纳米二氧化硅的效果最为显著.纳米碳化硅和纳米二氧化硅等颗粒物会引起PS膜的π-A等温线的内缩/外扩,且颗粒物浓度越高,表面压力变化越明显.此外,PS也会对NPs的水合动力学直径和Zeta电位产生影响,导致其分散状态变化.由此可见,NPs可通过改变PS的组成和界面性质而具备危害人体健康的潜力.     

气温与臭氧协同作用对COPD住院人数的影响

为评价气温与臭氧（O₃）协同作用对慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）住院人数的影响,采用广义相加模型（GAM）、平滑曲线阈值效应和饱和效应方法,在控制了时间序列长期趋势、季节效应、节假日效应和相对湿度、污染物PM_2.5、SO₂、NO₂浓度混杂因素的影响后,分析了2013~2016年石家庄市气温与O₃协同作用对COPD住院人数影响的暴露-反应关系,并考虑了不同年龄、性别的分人群效应.结果表明,日平均气温的阈值为0.3,19℃,O₃的分层临界值100μg/m³;当O₃≥100μg/m³时,随着气温每上升1℃,COPD日均住院人数增加的相对危险度1.042（95%：1.020,1.065）,并且在T≥19℃时其效应值最大,为1.084（95%：1.048,1.121）.较高气温、高O₃污染环境对COPD疾病人群的影响存在协同加强效应,且对老年人影响更敏感,而男女性别上没有显著差异.     

Assessment of the Pulmonary Toxicity of Inhaled Gases and Particles With Physicochemical Methods

Abstract

Physicochemical techniques used for evaluating the pulmonary surfactant (PS) quality are discussed as methods useful in assessing toxicity of inhaled gases and particles. Two standard devices, Langmuir-Wilhelmy film balance and pulsating bubble apparatus, are presented in detail, and the measured results of interaction between sulfuric acid and 2 models of PS material are analyzed. The evident decrease in surface activity of the pulmonary surfactant after its contact with the acid at concentrations approaching 0.001 M may be considered as an indicator of the adverse effect, which can result in several health problems. The presented approach can be used as a method of assessing pulmonary toxicity of any substances present in the breathing air.     

Prenatal sonographic detection of intra-abdominal extralobar pulmonary sequestration: Report of three cases and literature review

Three cases of intra-abdominal extralobar pulmonary sequestration detected antenatally by ultrasound are reported. One case was associated with a large left diaphragmatic hernia. Sonographically, all the cases were found in the left supra-renal region presenting as a well-defined echogenic mass with cystic hypoechoic areas. The condition should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all antenatally detected upper abdominal echogenic masses, particularly when associated with a diaphragmatic hernia. Postnatal ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in one case yielded respiratory type epithelium and this procedure could provide a reasonably confident diagnosis of the lesion.     

中国地表臭氧浓度估算及健康影响评估

在PM2.5浓度逐年下降的背景下,臭氧浓度不降反升,臭氧已成为中国暖季的主要污染物之一.基于大数据关联分析思路,构建并开发了极限梯度提升(XGBoost)臭氧浓度估算模型,用以估算2019年中国每日最大8 h平均臭氧浓度(O3_8h),用于人类暴露评估.该模型输入地面监测站点数据、高分辨率遥感卫星数据、气象数据、排放清...     

重庆大气环境质量与儿童肺功能的前瞻性研究

在两年半期间内 ,对污染程度不同的两地进行了 5次青春期前期儿童 (7～ 1 2岁 ) 4 57例肺功能 (FVC,FEV1 ,PEFR,FEF2 5～ 75 )生长速率的观测及生长状况的比较分析得出 ,两地儿童身高和体重的生长曲线无明显差异 ,而肺功能的生长速率则有明显的差异 ,勿论男女、同年龄的儿童肺功能增长速率污染区要低于对照区     

Effect of nitroethane and nitroethanol on the production of indole and 3-methylindole (skatole) from bacteria in swine feces by gas chromatography

Indole and 3-methylindole (skatole) are odor pollutants in livestock waste, and skatole is a major component of boar taint. Skatole causes pulmonary edema and emphysema in ruminants and causes damage to lung Clara cells in animals and humans. A gas chromatographic method that originally used a nitrogen–phosphorus detector to increase sensitivity was modified resulting in an improved flame ionization detection response for indole and skatole of 236% and 207%, respectively. The improved method eliminates the large amount of indole decomposition in the injector. A 10 μ g mL^–1 spike of indole and skatole in water and swine fecal slurries resulted in recovery of 78.5% and 96% in water and 76.1% and 85.8% in fecal slurries, respectively. The effect of the addition of nitroethane and nitroethanol at 21.8 mM in swine fecal slurries was studied on the microbial production of indole and skatole. Nitroethane and nitroethanol decreased the production of skatole in swine fecal slurries at 24 h. The nitroethane effect on l-tryptophan-supplemented fecal slurries after 6 and 24 h incubation resulted in a decrease of 69.0% (P = 0.02) and 23.5% skatole production, respectively, and a decrease of 14.9% indole at 6 h, but an increase in indole production of 81.1% at 24 h.