区域环境负荷计量的当量因子法——以广东省佛山市富营养化污染负荷为例

提出了一种基于当量因子的环境负荷计量方法,其原理是根据不同环境干扰因子对同一种环境影响类型的相对贡献大小来进行计量.具体包括环境影响类型的确定、环境干扰因子的识别与归类,以及按当量关系进行汇总3个步骤.该方法可为区域环境规划与污染控制提供技术支持.以广东省佛山市富营养化污染负荷计量为实证进行了研究.结果表明,2001年排放的富营养化污染负荷量约为437.0kt NO₃^-当量,其中贡献最大的是农业生产部门,其次是工业生产部门和人类生活.主要污染物是氨的排放,其次是NO_x的排放.     

大气环流型对珠三角2015～2020年臭氧变化的影响

基于2015～2020年的珠三角臭氧(O₃)日最大8 h浓度平均值[MDA8 O₃,ρ(O₃-8h)]的观测数据和气象再分析数据,运用Lamb-Jenkinson天气分型法(LWTs)分析不同大气环流型的特征并定量其对MDA8 O₃年际变化的贡献.结果表明,珠三角发生的18种天气型中ASW型更容易出现O₃污染现象,而NE型会导致更严重的O₃污染.根据850 hPa风场的风向变化及中心系统的不同位置将18种天气类型合并为5个天气类别来探讨不同天气型的O₃生成机制,发现ρ(O₃-8h)高的天气类别为N-E-S方向类别[(161±68)μg·m^-3]和A类别[(122±39)μg·m^-3],二者ρ(O₃-8h)与日最高气温和太阳净辐射量都呈显著正相关.N-E-S方向类别为秋季主导大气环流型,而A类别多发生在春季,其中春季珠三角发生的90%O_3<...     

矿山地质环境安全评估的Bayes判别分析法及应用

从矿山地质环境的实际特性出发,应用Bayes判别分析方法评估矿山地质环境问题。选用13项影响矿山地质环境的区域地质条件、环境现状、矿产资源开发规划、生态恢复治理状况的具体评估指标,以大量实测资料作为学习样本,并按各总体的样本比例确定先验概率,建立了矿山地质环境评估的Bayes判别分析模型。将该模型用于预测样本的评估中,采用回代估计法对判别结果进行验证,误判率为零,判别结果和实际一致。研究结果表明,Bayes判别分析模型是一种结构稳定、判别准确率很高的评估模型,能够用于矿山地质环境的评估。     

应用自动识别与定量分析数据库筛查黄河和长江水中有机污染物

采用气质联用分析,并应用自动识别与定量分析数据库(AIQS-DB)对黄河下游和长江下游水样中近1000种有机污染物进行了筛查.结果表明,黄河下游山东段和长江下游江苏段水样分别检出95种和121种化合物,主要包括正构烷烃、多环芳烃、酚类、硝基化合物、酞酸酯类、农药和药物等.其中,黄河和长江水样中正构烷烃平均浓度分别为1806ng/L和720ng/L;16种优控PAHs平均浓度分别为27ng/L和30ng/L;6种优控PAEs的平均浓度分别为77ng/L和2166ng/L;黄河和长江水样分别检出9种和17种农药.黄河各采样点间污染物浓度差别较大,而长江采样点间浓度相差较小.研究表明,气质联用结合AIQS-DB可有效用于区域性污染物的筛查.     

采用尼罗红荧光探针对微藻中油脂的定量测定

以尼罗红为荧光探针,对小球藻油脂含量的定量分析条件进行了研究.测定中,使用48孔酶标仪作为荧光检测器.研究显示,当荧光激发光波长为485 nm,发射光波长为580 nm时,适用于测定微藻中的中性油脂含量.当二甲基亚砜终浓度为20%,尼罗红终浓度为0.5μg.mL-1,藻液与尼罗红置于40℃暗处反应5 min后,能够获得最大的相对荧光测定值.当藻液光密度OD680在0.61至1.73时,藻液油脂含量与尼罗红荧光测定值呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数R2为0.9836,可以通过尼罗红荧光值的测定推算油脂的含量.     

An approach to estimating the individual risk for toxic-gas releases using the load-resistance model

A new approach to quantify the uncertainty of the individual risk for toxic releases is presented in this paper. The individual risk is defined as the probability of fatality per year. The probability of fatality is calculated by a classical load-resistance model based on reliability (survivability) theory. The load effect is defined as the concentration intensity to which a human is exposed. Furthermore, the resistance is defined as the human tolerance to a certain concentration load in this study. The Monte Carlo method is used to obtain the probability distributions of outputs (the load effect and resistance) propagated from the uncertainties of the input variables. The fatality probability exceeding a limit state can then be obtained by comparing pairs of samples from the load effect and the resistance distributions. The separation of sampling from the load and resistance distributions is also proposed to allow more efficient calculation than that achieved by the classical Monte Carlo method. The analytical risk estimates computed by the load-resistance model are compared to conventional risk estimates that correspond to the upper-end percentile of the load-effect distribution. A case study shows that the conventional risk estimates can be directed to wrong decisions when the load-effect distribution has upper-end tail heaviness.     

“大气十条”实施后大气污染协同治理政策的量化研究

针对大气污染问题,2013年国务院颁布了《大气污染防治行动计划》,从更高层次上实施国家及区域层面的大气污染协同治理战略。区域联合防控及协同治理是当前情况下治理好大气污染的必然选择,但是尚未形成完整的体系。收集整理了100篇大气污染协同治理相关政策文件,构建了政策工具量化的二维分析框架,探讨了当前对大气污染协同治理的政策工具使用情况,并针对性地提出了强化命令型政策工具、弥补能力型建设工具、完善奖惩福利机制、完善监督监测预警系统等一系列政策建议。     

植被缓冲带径流渗流水量分配及氮磷污染物去除定量化研究

利用构建的缓冲带现场试验基地和设计的径流流量测定装置,对植被缓冲带滞缓径流和农田氮磷污染物去除能力开展定量化试验研究.结果表明,植被缓冲带有效滞缓了径流速度,并显著提高了缓冲带土壤的水力渗透能力,19m长的百慕大、高羊茅、白花三叶草缓冲带径流出水时间分别是空白对照的2.46倍、1.72倍和2.03倍,渗流水量分别是空白对照的3.01倍、2.16倍和2.45倍;植被缓冲带能有效去除农田径流氮磷污染物,百慕大、高羊茅、白花三叶草缓冲带对NH4+-N、TN、TP的总去除率分别比空白对照提高了237%、268%和274%;植被缓冲带渗流对氮磷污染物的去除能力显著高于径流,渗流水量越大,缓冲带氮磷污染物的总去除率和单位面积去除负荷越高,试验各植被缓冲带TN、NH4+-N、TP渗流去除量与径流去除量的比值分别达到2.79、2.02和2.83.     

Estimation of VOC emissions

Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a major concern for industry. In order to reduce these, and to apply prevention options, it is necessary to accurately quantify them. A reliable methodology for such quantification does not yet exist. This paper presents an overview of methods currently available, together with some shortcomings. It urges further work to develop reliable techniques, and suggests possible areas for future work.     

Patterns of chemical defences in plants: an analysis of the vascular flora of Chile

Summary. The plant apparency hypothesis predicts that apparent plants invest in broadly effective defences such as tannins while unapparent plants invest in specific toxins such as alkaloids. The stress hypothesis states that plants invest in cheaper defences if they have evolved in habitats that impose abiotic limitations to plant fitness. We tested these hypotheses by determining the concentrations of alkaloids and tannins in a representative sample of the vascular plants of continental Chile (with exclusion of Pteridophyta, Cactaceae, and Poaceae) consisting of 396 species. In a subsample of 166 species which contained both alkaloids and tannins, we constructed the A/T index (A/T = [alkaloids]/ [tannins]). We discarded the presumed effect of phylogeny (as estimated by taxonomy) on the variation observed in the data because no correlation of A/T with taxonomic relationships among species either at family or genus levels was found in a nested ANOVA with genera nested in families. Concentration of alkaloids was negatively correlated with that of tannins. We compared the value of A/T among species differing in life form (herbs, shrubs or trees), herb longevity (annual or perennial), leaf-shedding manner of woody plants (deciduous or evergreen), latitudinal range, and level of water stress typical in their natural habitat. Unapparent plants (herbs, annual) exhibited higher mean A/T index than apparent plants (shrubs and trees, perennial). A/T did not correlate with latitudinal range. Mean A/T values decreased from deserts to deciduous forests. The comparisons were not always significant due to the inevitable unbalance of the data set which lowers the power of the statistical tests employed. The results suggest that chemical defences are indeed distributed in a non-random manner among plants, and that to a large extent the predictions derived from the apparency and stress hypotheses are sustained.