Dissolution of beryllium in artificial lung alveolar macrophage phagolysosomal fluid

Dissolution of a lung burden of poorly soluble beryllium particles is hypothesized to be necessary for development of chronic beryllium lung disease (CBD) in humans. As such, particle dissolution rate must be sufficient to activate the lung immune response and dissolution lifetime sufficient to maintain chronic inflammation for months to years to support development of disease. The purpose of this research was to investigate the hypothesis that poorly soluble beryllium compounds release ions via dissolution in lung fluid. Dissolution kinetics of 17 poorly soluble particulate beryllium materials that span extraction through ceramics machining (ores, hydroxide, metal, copper-beryllium [CuBe] fume, oxides) and three CuBe alloy reference materials (chips, solid block) were measured over 31 d using artificial lung alveolar macrophage phagolysosomal fluid (pH 4.5). Differences in beryllium-containing particle physicochemical properties translated into differences in dissolution rates and lifetimes in artificial phagolysosomal fluid. Among all materials, dissolution rate constant values ranged from 10⁻⁵ to 10⁻¹⁰ g cm⁻² d⁻¹ and half-times ranged from tens to thousands of days. The presence of magnesium trisilicate in some beryllium oxide materials may have slowed dissolution rates. Materials associated with elevated prevalence of CBD had faster beryllium dissolution rates [10⁻⁷-10⁻⁸ g cm⁻² d⁻¹] than materials not associated with elevated prevalence (p < 0.05).     

向性能化防火规范转变应注意的几个问题

介绍了性能化建筑防火规范产生的背景以及国内外的发展概况。在对国外一些性能化经验进行总结的基础上,重点从建筑物防火安全水平的量化、性能化设计的不确定性、性能化设计方案的验证以及性能化文件的编制和性能化建筑设计、施工到使用各个环节的连续性等方面,讨论了从处方式防火规范向性能化防火规范转变时应该注意的几个问题。结合中国的具体情况,指出其在发展性能化规范中应着力解决的几个问题:正确处理处方式规范和性能化规范两者的关系;积极推动消防相关产品的发展;解决资金来源,加大经费投入;制定工程惯例或设计导则等。     

水泥企业除尘效益及其岗位考核

通过水泥企业除尘效益计算,并量化到具体岗位,提出岗位考核方案。目的在于使环保效益数量化,环境管理定量化。     

环境影响评价因子的筛选

建设项目环境影响评价因子应从污染物的等标污染负荷、影响的范围、影响可恢复性、环境质量现状和社会关注度 5方面综合考虑 ,采用层次分析法确定了这 5个因素的权重 ,对各污染因子进行分级予以定量打分 ,按得分进行环境影响评价因子筛选。     

基于气象分型的大气环境允许排放量测算方法

本文提出一种基于气象条件分型的城市大气环境允许排放量测算方法,该方法基于环境空气质量和颗粒物组分数据,对气象条件进行分污染天气类型的二次转化规律研究,并确定不同天气类型下的迁移扩散系数.基于扩散理论,建立了污染物排放强度、不同天气类型迁移扩散系数和目标控制浓度之间的关系,在特定区域排放布局和排放方式基本不变的前提下,测算不同天气类型达空气质量标准下的一次PM_2.5,PM₁₀,NO_x和SO₂的允许排放量.以沧州市为例,结合空气质量从优到严重污染程度将对应气象要素依次划分为7种天气类型,测算7种天气类型达空气质量目标下的主要污染物允许排放量.基于2018年基准年的排放量,在天气类型7最不利气象条件下,沧州市一次PM_2.5,PM₁₀,NO_x和SO₂排放量削减率应分别在82.62%,81.17%,75.05%和74.54%以上,才能达到空气质量标准.结果表明,不利气象条件下大气环境允许排放量很小,需要更大力度减少污染物排放,才能避免发生重污染天气.     

两段UASB工艺处理高浓度甲醇废水的试验研究

采用两段中温UASB工艺处理高浓度甲醇废水 ,结果表明 ,当系统CODCr容积负荷高达 2 6 8kg m3·d时 ,CODCr去除率维持在 90 %以上 ,两反应器运行稳定 ,抗冲击能力强 ;继续提高负荷 ,甲醇转化为乙酸的途径将逐渐取代甲醇直接生成甲烷的途径 ,两反应器中有机酸浓度逐渐升高 ,pH值逐渐降低。正常运行过程中 ,一段、二段UASB反应器的pH值分别在 4 9～ 5 8、5 5～ 6 2之间 ,碱度分别在 90～ 2 3 0mg L、110～ 3 0 0mg L之间 ,ORP分别在 - 3 10～ - 2 2 0mV、- 3 90～ - 2 90mV之间。本系统主要生态因子的变化范围与处理其他废水的两段厌氧系统有很大的差异性 ,这是由甲醇废水本身的简单性、易降解性等决定的     

Long-term dynamics of the atrazine mineralization potential in surface and subsurface soil in an agricultural field as a response to atrazine applications

The dynamics of the atrazine mineralization potential in agricultural soil was studied in two soil layers (topsoil and at 35-45 cm depth) in a 3 years field trial to examine the long term response of atrazine mineralizing soil populations to atrazine application and intermittent periods without atrazine and the effect of manure treatment on those processes. In topsoil samples, ¹⁴C-atrazine mineralization lag times decreased after atrazine application and increased with increasing time after atrazine application, suggesting that atrazine application resulted into the proliferation of atrazine mineralizing microbial populations which decayed when atrazine application stopped. Decay rates appeared however much slower than growth rates. Atrazine application also resulted into the increase of the atrazine mineralization potential in deeper layers which was explained by the growth on leached atrazine as measured in soil leachates recovered from that depth. However, no decay was observed during intermittent periods without atrazine application in the deeper soil layer. atzA and trzN gene quantification confirmed partly the growth and decay of the atrazine degrading populations in the soil and suggested that especially trzN bearing populations are the dominant atrazine degrading populations in both topsoil and deeper soil. Manure treatment only improved the atrazine mineralization rate in deeper soil layers. Our results point to the importance of the atrazine application history on a field and suggests that the long term survival of atrazine degrading populations after atrazine application enables them to rapidly proliferate once atrazine is again applied.     

Spatial effect of environmental regulation measures on industrial structure upgrading from the empirical analysis of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and its surrounding areas

ABSTRACT

This paper investigates the spatial effect of environmental regulation measures on the upgrading of industrial structure in the integrated development strategy of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and its surrounding areas. In order to reflect the effect of the environmental regulation and different regulation measures more truly, this paper constructs indices of the environmental regulation measures through the results of policy texts quantification. On the basis of the previous research, this paper divides environmental regulation into the following types: personnel and administrative measures of command and control; market-oriented fiscal, taxation, financial and other economic measures; guidance measures. Spatial panel regression results show that administrative measures of command control and market-oriented fiscal measures have a significant role in promoting regional industrial structure upgrading, but not conducive to the advancement of the industrial structure of adjacent areas. Their roles in promoting and inhibition are counteracted, which causes the total effect of industrial structure upgrading of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the surrounding areas are not significant. Personnel measures, financial measures, other economic measures and guidance measures do not have the short-term effect and spatial effect on the upgrading of industrial structure.     

成都市可持续发展的功能测试及其建设对策

本文从生产力、稳定性、维持性和公正性四个方面对成都市的可持续发展进行了定量化分析;在充分考虑成都经济与环境发展现状和水平的基础上,设置了成都市可持续发展经济增长与效益、人口及生活质量、资源与环境、社会稳定与社会保障和可持续发展能力五个层次的41项目标;并着重从产业经济、土地资源利用与保护、环境保护和城市集约化管理等方面提出了成都可持续发展的建议和对策。     

矿井冒顶危险性评价新方法

用数量化理论（Ⅱ）[1]研究了矿井冒顶危险性评价问题，建立了一个实用的矿井冒顶危险性评价模型；并通过项目贡献分析，提出了一套降低冒顶危险程度的安全对策。