铀元件厂排污河流放射性污染与监测

本文报告了铀元件厂排污河流的放射性监测结果，并就污染水平和监测方法进行讨论。调查表明：采用监测河流底泥或水生物的方法可以提高监测灵敏度。     

进口锆英砂的放射性及其对人体的危害

通过对进口锆英砂实施放射性的监测与计算，论述了对于样品的放射性监测结果接近豁免限值标准的锆英砂会对人体产生较大危害，提出了对放射性货物监测管理的改进措施。     

熵权TOPSIS法在优选低放射性装饰建筑材料中的应用

文章介绍了熵权TOPSIS法的原理,并尝试用该方法分别对不同地区生产的装饰建筑材料釉面砖、花岗石的各项指标进行优化排序,以此来达到优选低放射性装饰建筑材料的目的。首先用熵权TOPSIS法给予所选装饰建筑材料样品数及放射性核素含量的指标数据进行处理,然后对不同指标赋予不同的权重,最后通过SAS软件进行相应的数据分析及优劣排序,得到最佳的低放射性装饰建筑材料样品为四川彩釉砖和河南花岗石。通过本文的结果可以看出应用熵权TOPSIS法进行低放射性装饰建筑材料的优选是可行的,也为以后优选低放射性装饰建筑材料提供了方法上的借鉴。     

新疆集中式饮用水不同水源类型放射性水平对比分析

本文调查了新疆某集中式饮用水不同水源类型总α、总β放射性水平,对不同的水源类型进行了数据对比,以为测量分析中出现的异常数据提供一个有效的鉴别依据。采集了新疆集中式饮用水不同类型水源经放化分析及测量总α、总β数值,得到新疆集中式饮用水不同水源类型放射性水平,并对不同类型的水源进行了对比分析。研究发现,总体上新疆某集中式饮用水不同水源类型的放射性水平基本处于正常环境本底范围,天然放射性核素水平未见异常;总α、总β的放射性浓度的高低是相依而存的,总α放射性浓度高的,其β的放射性浓度也高,总α放射性浓度低的,其β的放射性浓度也低;湖库型、河流型、地下水三种水源地的总α、总β的放射性浓度的高低的起因,主要包括其地理位置、水源类型等。     

Radioactivity, Physical and Chemical Parameters of Underground and Surface Waters in Qua Iboe River Estuary, Nigeria

Radioactivity, physical and chemical parameters of underground boreholes and surface waters in the region of Qua Iboe River Estuary involved in oil production activities were measured. The physical and chemical parameters measured included pH, temperature, turbidity, and concentrations of total dissolved and suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, oils and grease, salinity, hardness (carbonates and bicarbonates), chlorine, sulphide, and metal ions. The work reveals that the radioactivity, physical and chemical parameters determined for both the underground and surface waters are safely below the international permissible limits except that of carbonate (68.6 mg/d – 228.7 mg/l) and bicarbonate (22.9 mg/l – 76.3mg/l) which renders both sources of water hard. The exceedingly high concentration range of hydrogen sulphide (40 mg/l–440 mg/l) in both sources is also beyond the international limit of 0.05mg/l. The ammonium ion concentration (1.40–2.80mg/l) was determined to be slightly higher in both the underground and surface waters than the international limit of 0.5mg/l.     

含钒石煤生产五氧化二钒污染治理

介绍用含钒石煤生产五氧化二钒的原理和低污染生产工艺。论述了五氧化二钒生产中废水、废气、废渣、噪声的产生及其废水、废气、噪声的治理方法与效果。并介绍了废渣的处置与综合利用技术及五氧化二钒生产可能带来的放射性影响及防护措施。     

Natural radioactivity and trace metals in crude oils: implication for health

Crude oil samples were collected from six different fields in the central Niger Delta in order to determine their natural radioactivity and trace element contents, with the aim of assessing the radiological health implications and environmental health hazard of the metals, and also to provide natural radioactivity baseline data that could be used for more comprehensive future study in this respect. The activity concentrations of the radionuclides were measured using a well, accurately calibrated and shielded vertical cryostat, Canberra coaxial high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector system, and the derived doses were evaluated. The metal concentrations were determined by the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopic (GFAAS) method. The radionuclides identified with reliable regularity belong to the decay series of naturally occurring radionuclides headed by ²³⁸U and ²³²Th along with the non-decay series radionuclide, ⁴⁰K. The averaged activity concentrations obtained were 10.52 ± 0.03 Bq kg⁻¹, 0.80 ± 0.37 Bq kg⁻¹ and 0.17 ± 0.09 Bq kg⁻¹ for ⁴⁰K, ²³⁸U and ²³²Th, respectively. The equivalent doses were very low, ranging from 0.0028 to 0.012 mSv year⁻¹ with a mean value of 0.0070 mSv year⁻¹. The results obtained were low, and hence, the radioactivity content from the crude oils in the Niger delta oil province of Nigeria do not constitute any health hazard to occupationally exposed workers, the public and the end user. The concentrations of the elements (As, Cd, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Se and V) determined ranged from 0.73 to 202.90 ppb with an average of 74.35 ppb for the oil samples analysed. The pattern of occurrence of each element agreed with the earlier studies from other parts of the Niger Delta. It was obvious from this study and previous ones that the Niger Delta oils have low metal contents. However, despite the low concentrations, they could still pose an intrinsic health hazard considering their cumulative effects in the environment. Also, various studies on the impact of oil spillage and activities of oil exploration and production on organisms in the immediate environment suggest this.     

Indoor radon levels in Greek schools

Radon and gamma dose rate measurements were performed in 512 schools in 8 of the 13 regions of Greece. The distribution of radon concentration was well described by a lognormal distribution. Most (86%) of the radon concentrations were between 60 and 250 Bq m⁻³ with a most probable value of 135 Bq m⁻³. The arithmetic and geometric means of the radon concentration are 149 Bq m⁻³ and 126 Bq m⁻³ respectively. The maximum measured radon gas concentration was 958 Bq m⁻³. As expected, no correlation between radon gas concentration and indoor gamma dose rate was observed. However, if only mean values for each region are considered, a linear correlation between radon gas concentration and gamma dose rate is apparent. Despite the fact that the results of radon concentration in schools cannot be applied directly for the estimation of radon concentration in homes, the results of the present survey indicate that it is desirable to perform an extended survey of indoor radon in homes for at least one region in Northern Greece.     

High levels of natural radioactivity in biota from deep-sea hydrothermal vents: a preliminary communication

Hydrothermal deep-sea vent fauna is naturally exposed to a peculiar environment enriched in potentially toxic species such as sulphides, heavy metals and natural radionuclides. It is now well established that some of the organisms present in such an environment accumulate metals during their lifespan. Though only few radionuclide measurements are available, it seems likely that hydrothermal vent communities are exposed to high natural radiation doses. Various archived biological samples collected on the East Pacific Rise and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in 1996, 2001 and 2002 were analysed by ICP-MS in order to determine their uranium contents (²³⁸U, ²³⁵U and ²³⁴U). In addition ²¹⁰Po–Pb were determined in 2 samples collected in 2002. Vent organisms are characterized by high U, and Po–Pb levels compared to what is generally encountered in organisms from outside hydrothermal vent ecosystems. Though the number of data is low, the results reveal various trends in relation to the site, the location within the mixing zone and/or the organisms' trophic regime.     

Evaluation and assessment of 25 years of environmental radioactivity monitoring data at Tarapur (India) nuclear site

The evaluation and assessment of monitoring data generated over a period of 1983-2007 (25 years) of a nuclear facility is presented. Time trends of particulate radioactivity, correlation between ¹³⁷Cs in discharge canal seawater and station discharged activity and correlation of ¹³⁷Cs, ⁶⁰Co, and ¹³¹I in marine species such as sponge and Nerita (gastropod) and corresponding discharged activity are discussed. The concentration of ¹³⁷Cs and ¹³¹I in seawater versus biota are discussed. A good correlation between ¹³⁷Cs in seawater and ¹³⁷Cs in liquid waste discharged was observed (R² = 0.8, p < 0.001). Similarly, correlation was good for Nerita and discharged concentration of ¹³⁷Cs, ¹³¹I and ⁶⁰Co (R² = 0.55-0.73 and p < 0.001). The measurements over the years indicated that there is no accumulation of radionuclides in either the terrestrial or aquatic environments. The mean ¹³⁷Cs decreased from the pre-operational levels: 7.0-3.6 Bq kg⁻¹ in soil, 0.91-0.016 Bq L⁻¹ in milk and 0.28-0.036 Bq kg⁻¹ in vegetation. Similarly, the mean ⁹⁰Sr in these matrixes decreased from 3.9 to 0.26 Bq kg⁻¹; 0.37-0.011 Bq L⁻¹ and 0.34-0.022 Bq kg⁻¹ respectively. Cesium-137 of about 700 μBq m⁻³ was measured in the air filter disks during 1986 and there was a decrease of three orders of magnitude in concentration over the 25 years. The evaluation of environmental data indicated that the radionuclide concentrations and potential impacts, in terms of effective dose to the members of public, have significantly reduced since 1969.