不同土地利用方式下土壤动物群落结构特征研究

了解长江黑沙洲湿地生态系统下不同土地利用方式对大型土壤动物群落的影响,于2013年12月,对长江黑沙洲湿地生境下天然洲麦地(W1)、林地(F1)、棉花地(C1)、芦苇地(R)和黑沙洲麦地(W2)、林地( F2)、棉花地( C2)进行野外调查,共捕获土壤动物602只.统计分析表明,不同土地利用方式下,土壤动物的个体数和类群数均存在着极显著的差异(P<0.01),垂直分布表现出较为明显的表聚性,多样性指数H′和丰富度指数D差异较为显著,土壤动物群落相似性指数均较低.因此,不同土地利用方式对黑沙洲湿地大型土壤动物群落组成与结构特征有一定的影响.     

雨水的混凝处理实验研究

通过烧杯混凝实验,考察了聚合氯化铝(PAC)对模拟雨水及实际的天然降雨、屋面径流雨水和道路径流雨水中各污染物的去除效果,确定了最优的药剂投加量;同时对实际雨水进行三维荧光光谱分析.实验结果表明,雨水中主要荧光物质为类蛋白质类.对于模拟雨水,PAC对TP去除效果较好,但对于COD的去除效果并不理想.对于实际雨水,PAC对于各污染物去除效果均较好,天然降雨、屋面径流雨水和道路径流雨水的PAC最佳投加量分别为:3～5 mg/L、10～20 mg/L和25～25 mg/L.这样不仅能节省药剂、降低工程费用,而且还能在很大程度上提高水的混凝沉淀处理效果.     

Watering the garden: preferences for alternative sources in suburban areas of the Mediterranean coast

Gardening has become a relevant contributor to the quality of life of suburbanites, as a source of leisure, to build a relationship with nature or to express a particular social identity. Nevertheless, water scarcity in the Mediterranean region has increased concerns about how demand should be managed to face future uncertainties, and watering the gardens has become an element for discussion in urban planning. This contribution presents the findings of a survey of permanent residents and secondary homeowners (n?=?230) in the suburban areas surrounding the city of Girona in the northeast of Catalonia (Spain). The area is a popular national and international tourist destination and a preferred place for second-home owners. We explore the main socio-demographic drivers for choosing an alternative watering source and we analyse if water-harvesting tank sizes properly meet net irrigation requirements. Results show that many water-harvesting tanks are oversized. The percentage of unemployed or retired household members, the estimated irrigation water needs of the garden and the education level directly influence the search for alternative sources of water. Moreover, social variables like interest in gardening, water conservation attitudes and household income indirectly influence the search for alternative sources of water.     

Community acceptance of policy options for managing the maintenance of rainwater tanks

This research examined community acceptance of policy instruments that could be used to promote ongoing maintenance of domestic rainwater tank systems. Using an online survey of 533 tank owners in South East Queensland, Australia, the research investigated four sets of factors that influence policy acceptance: features of the policy, judgements of policy fairness and effectiveness, contextual framing, and individual attitudes and motivations towards tank maintenance. An experimental design incorporating choice modelling was employed. Results demonstrated that perceptions of policy fairness and effectiveness are important to acceptance. Policies that include enabling features associate with increased perceptions of effectiveness, and policies that use incentives are linked to increased perceptions of both fairness and effectiveness. Individual attitudes and motivations regarding tank maintenance were significant predictors of policy support. Perceptions of a person's own ability to undertake tank maintenance tasks were negative predictors of policy intervention, suggesting that people who believe they can carry out maintenance themselves may not see the need for a policy that encourages tank maintenance to exist. The findings are discussed in relation to issues of policy design.     

浮床植物对雨水中氮磷等污染物的去除效果

在实验室条件下,研究以美人蕉、空心菜及两者混合这3种情况下浮床植物对雨水中N、P和COD等营养盐类的去除效果及植物生长状况。结果表明两者混合种植时对TN、TP和COD的去除效果更好,其中美人蕉对TP的去除效果相对较好,空心菜对TN、COD的去除效果较好。选用混合浮床在镇江市雨水利用示范区进行雨水处理,由实验结果得知,混合植物浮床对雨水中TP、TN、COD、SS和浊度的去除效果良好,最高去除率分别达到86%、67.4%、66.4%、93.5%和95.4%。出水水质完全符合城市绿化用水标准,从而在达到雨水回用的目的,对成熟的美人蕉和空心菜进行6种重金属含量检测,也均达到相关的食用及药用标准。     

城市屋面雨水利用潜力分析——以南京市河西地区某小区为例

城市雨水利用是解决城市水资源短缺和减轻内涝灾害的手段之一。以南京市某小区为例,在分析南京市降雨特征的基础上,利用1〖DK〗∶500地形图资料计算了不同降雨保证率条件下该小区屋面雨水可收集量,分析了雨水收集利用在减轻城市内涝方面的作用,并提出了设置地面蓄水池的4条原则,在此基础上调查分析了该小区设置地面蓄水池的可行性。结果表明:在降雨保证率为50%时,通过屋面年可收集利用的雨量为114 272 1 m3;在日降雨量为500和955 mm（南京市多年平均年最大日降雨量）时,屋面雨水利用可减少214%和112%的地表径流;小区内可设置蓄水池的建筑屋面面积占总屋面面积的55%,其中住宅和其他类建筑中可设置蓄水池的建筑屋面面积比例占77%     

Analytic Modeling of Rainwater Harvesting in the Brazilian Semiarid Northeast

During the past two decades, government efforts to provide water access to rural communities in Brazil's semiarid Northeast region have focused on building systems to capture and store rainwater, most importantly through the One Million Cisterns Program (P1MC). This article presents an analytic model based on daily precipitation data to evaluate the sustainability of rainwater capture. Application of this model to analysis of the P1MC reveals the heterogeneous climate in this region causes large spatial variability in the effectiveness of this program. In addition, the size of the area of capture, the run‐off coefficient of the roofs, and the amount of first‐flush diversion also have important effects. This analysis demonstrates while rainwater capture can offer sufficient water for drinking, as a stand‐alone solution it cannot meet P1MC objectives of guaranteeing sustainable and universal access to water for drinking, cooking, and basic hygiene in all regions and years.     

利用烟气低温废热干燥处理印染污泥的中试

介绍一种利用烟气低温废热日处理印染污泥36t的中试系统,可一次将含水<80%的印染污泥直接干燥成含水10%~40%的干污泥,干污泥呈小颗粒状,全部可送入循环流化床锅炉燃烧以利用其热能。干燥系统内贫氧,避免污泥在干燥过程中爆燃现象;干燥系统设备及管道壁面附着1层约4mm左右的干硬保护层,阻止了烟气对设备及管道的腐蚀,运行安全。该系统也可适用于生化污泥、城市污泥及造纸污泥的处理。     

阿图什市"十五"期间土地利用变化及分析

利用2001-2005年的遥感影像数据(覆盖范围主要是克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州行政辖区内的阿图什市),通过统计2001-2005 年土地利用数据,分析了该市近五年土地利用/覆盖的时空变化规律,并进而探究了导致该变化发生的自然、人文驱动因素.结果表明:在2001-2005年,该区域林地和草地面积增加,耕地面积减少,土地沙化和盐碱化现象得到遏制.探其原因主要是由社会、经济等人文因素造成,而包括气候波动在内的自然条件只是土地利用变化的背景条件.     

青藏高原降水化学研究

一般认为天然降雨呈弱酸性,但是观测显示青藏高原上拉萨及其它3个城市降水呈碱性,以重碳酸盐阳离子为主,污染物很少.通过对实测资料和试验结果的分析计算,认为地球上干旱和半干旱地区天然降水的应呈弱碱性,原因是大气中漂浮着碱性粉尘.