填料在净化污水过程中渗透性能变化趋势的研究

选取腐殖垃圾和砂以及两者质量比分别为4:1、3:2、2:3的混合物共5种填料,在1.0 m/d的水力负荷下,进行人工快速渗滤系统净化生活污水的试验,研究填料在进水过程中渗透性能的变化趋势.结果表明,腐殖垃圾的初始饱和水力渗透系数(K)最大,为3.32×10-2cm/s,而砂的初始K只有5.14×10-3cm/s,腐殖垃圾含量越大的混合物其仞始K也越大.在净化污水的过程中,5种填料的K逐渐减小,腐殖垃圾含量越大的混合物其K降幅也越大.随着进水时间的延长,各个填料柱填料层50～250 mm处的水头损失占总水头损失(填料层50～450mm处)的比例均逐渐增加,最终各个填料柱均发生堵塞,堵塞均发生在填料层50mm以上范围内.     

人工快速渗滤池微生物活性的研究

基于微生物活性测定方法,研究了人工快速渗滤池中各层中微生物数量、酶活性、硝化作用、反硝化作用和呼吸作用强度.结果表明,好氧细菌在数量上占绝对优势;各种微生物大都呈现出从表层到底层数量逐渐减少的规律;0～20cm砂层的脲酶、脱氢酶和磷酸酶活性明显高于其他层;在快渗池内,氮转化以硝化作用为主,反硝化作用比较弱;渗滤池上部呼吸作用明显强于中下部,与微生物的分布呈正相关.     

Rapid Assessment of Risks to a Mobile Marine Mammal in an Ecosystem-Scale Marine Protected Area

Abstract:  Ecosystem-scale networks of marine protected areas (MPAs) are important conservation tools, but their effectiveness is difficult to quantify in a time frame appropriate to species conservation because of uncertainties in the data available. The dugong ( Dugong dugon ) is a mobile marine species that occurs in shallow inshore waters of an ecosystem-scale network of MPAs (the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area [GBRWHA]). We developed a rapid approach to assess risk to dugongs in the region and evaluate options to ameliorate that risk. We used expert opinion and a Delphi technique to identify and rank 5 human factors with the potential to adversely affect dugongs and their sea grass habitats: netting, indigenous hunting, trawling, vessel traffic, and poor-quality terrestrial runoff. We then quantified and compared the distribution of these factors with a spatially explicit model of dugong distribution. We estimated that approximately 96% of habitat of high conservation value for dugongs in the GBRWHA is at low risk from human activities. Using a sensitivity analysis, we found that to decrease risk, commercial netting or indigenous hunting had to be reduced in remote areas and the effects of vessel traffic, terrestrial runoff, and commercial netting had to be reduced in urban areas. This approach enabled us to compare and rank risks so as to identify the most severe risks and locate specific sites that require further management attention.     

造纸法再造烟叶废水COD的快速预测

针对造纸法再造烟叶生产废水COD波动大、废水处理系统运行不稳定等问题,对造纸法再造烟叶的生产废水排放及不同种类废水的水质特点进行了分析。在废水处理系统运行检测数据的基础上,采用数理统计方法研究了废水COD与pH的关系。结果表明:COD与pH呈高度显著的线性关系;用得到的回归方程COD=-2 913pH+22 059对废水COD进行验证和预测,相对偏差在15%以内。本研究为造纸法再造烟叶废水处理系统的运行提供了一种快捷的COD预测方法,有助于提高废水处理系统的处理效率和运行稳定性。     

黄姜组培快繁技术试验研究

分别以黄姜茎段、叶片、块根为外植体,进行无菌系建立、芽分化、生根等试验,探讨黄姜组培快繁技术.结果表明:(1)茎段在①MS BA1.0 mg.L-1 NAA0.2 mg.L-1(单位下同);③MS BA2.0 NAA0.2;⑤B5 BA1.0 NAA0.2;⑦B5 BA2.0 NAA0.2四个培养基上培养,均能诱导出愈伤组织,但尤以⑦号培养基长势最佳;而在这四个培养基上接种的叶片因为全被污染,无愈伤组织形成.(2)块根在②MS BA1.0 NAA0.5;④MS BA2.0 NAA0.5;⑥B5 BA1.0 NAA0.5;⑧B5 BA2.0 NAA0.5四个培养基上均不能诱导成愈伤组织.(3)愈伤组织在①~⑧号共八个培养基上均能分化出芽,但分化率不一,以③号最高(达100%),④号最低(25.0%).(4)当丛生芽长至高约3~4 cm时,转接到以MS或1/2MS为基本培养基、附加有不同浓度NAA和IBA的培养基中,进行生根培养.生长素NAA与IBA配合均能诱导生根,NAA的浓度增高对根的诱导有抑制作用,而且使苗的生长受阻,出现叶片卷曲现象,用1/2MS与用MS相比,用1/2MS生根更粗壮.(5)将经过炼苗的生根试管苗移栽到混有河沙和砻糠灰(体积比为1:2)的复合基质中,移栽后35 d成活率达到87%以上.     

Toxicity of Selected Pharmaceuticals to the Anostracan Crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus - Comparison of Sublethal and Lethal Effect Levels with the 1h Rapidtoxkit and the 24h Thamnotoxkit Microbiotests

- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.005 Background, Aims and Scope In view of the limited amount of information on the potential hazard of the ever increasing amounts of drugs in surface waters to aquatic biota, a study was undertaken to determine the effect levels of 28 selected pharmaceuticals to the crustacean test species Thamnocephalus platyurus. The drugs belong to 5 different groups: non steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, biocides, cardiovascular compounds, nervous system drugs and purine alkaloids. Methods Toxicity tests were carried out with the 1h Rapidtoxkit and the 24h Thamnotoxkit microbiotests in order to make a comparison of sublethal effects (visible as stress through absence of feeding) measured after a very short time of exposure (1h) and lethal effects after prolonged exposure (24h). Dilution series starting at 200 mg l–1 were prepared and applied, and median effects levels were calculated and transformed into Toxic Units (TU) for easy data comparison. Results and Discussion The toxic effects found have been ranked into 4 arbitrary toxicity classes: not toxic (TU<0.2), low toxicity (0.2<TU<1.0), toxic (1.0<TU<10) and very toxic (TU>10). The toxicity levels noted ranged from virtually no effects for a few of the pharmaceuticals, at the highest concentration tested out, to LC50's below 1 mg l–1 (>100 TU) for 3 nervous system drugs (Amitryptiline, Thioridazine and Chlorpromazine). According to the toxicity classification, 17 of the 28 compounds (i.e. 67%), belong to the same class for the lethal and the sublethal tests. More pronounced differences in effect levels between the two assays were observed mainly for the pharmaceuticals which were either not toxic or only slightly toxic at the 200 mg l–1 level. For 90% of the toxic drugs the ratio between the toxicity values for both tests is below 5. Conclusion An overall correlation coefficient of 0.96 was found between the 2 microbiotests, confirming the good predictive potential of the 1h stress-based Rapidtoxkit in revealing important biological effects (mortality) after more prolonged exposure of the crustacean test species to chemical compounds. Recommendation and Outlook The present study clearly shows that new microbiotests such as the 1h Rapidtoxkit and the 24h Thamnotoxkit are attractive tools for rapid cost-effective screening of 'new' pollutants such as drugs which may threaten the biological communities of the aquatic environment.     

道路交通扬尘采样方法研究进展

道路交通扬尘是我国北方城市环境空气中PM10和PM2.5污染的重要来源之一,要改善环境空气质量,进一步降低颗粒物浓度,必须采取有效措施控制道路交通扬尘,而控制扬尘的第一步是确定采样方法。目前我国还没有标准化的道路交通扬尘采样方法,本文归纳了当前国内外应用的主要方法,重点介绍了降尘法、积尘负荷法和快速检测法三种采样方法,并对三种方法进行了比较,分析了各自具有的优势和存在的问题。最后指出,快速检测法是最有潜力的采样方法,未来还需进一步的研究,争取早日制订出适合我国国情的标准化的道路交通扬尘采样方法。     

反硝化聚磷菌快速富集、培养及其荧光原位杂交技术鉴别

以污水处理厂A2/O厌氧段污泥为种泥,采用膜生物反应器(membrane bio-reactor,MBR)对反硝化聚磷菌(denitrifyingphosphate-removal bacteria,DPB)进行快速富集及培养,并提供一种鉴别方法.试验中以乙酸钠为碳源,并在缺氧段投加一定浓度的硝酸盐,结果表明,在膜组件的高效截留作用下,经过厌氧-好氧和厌氧-缺氧2个阶段的富集培养,35 d内反硝化聚磷菌占全部聚磷菌(phosphate-accumulating organisms)的比例从24%上升到93%.此时系统的脱氮、除磷效率均可保持在90%以上.通过荧光原位杂交技术(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)并结合常规测定手段对活性污泥进行鉴别,确定Pseudomonas sp.和Rhodocyclus sp.为主要的优势菌.     

中、韩滨海城市化区域水体全氟化合物的空间特征及生态风险

本研究以全氟化合物（perfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs）为研究对象,选择人类活动强度大的中、韩滨海城市化地区为研究区域,采集了126份水体及125份沉积物样品,通过固相萃取和高效液相色谱-串联质谱（HPLC/MS-MS）的方法,分析了水体及沉积物中的15种PFASs.结果表明,PFASs在水体和沉积物中全部检出,水体中PFASs总质量浓度范围为6.75~20982 ng·L^-1,沉积物中PFASs含量（以干重计）范围为0.229~53.8 ng·g^-1.区域对比发现,中国滨海城市化地区水体和沉积物中PFASs含量相对较高以长链PFOA为主,而韩国水体中则以短链PFBA和PFPeA为主,沉积物中以PFOS、PFBA和PFOA为主.PFASs在水体和沉积物中的分配系数与沉积物中有机碳的含量、PFASs碳链长度有密切关联,15种化合物中有9种化合物的分配系数与有机碳含量存在显著相关性（r>0.21,P<0.05）,随着碳链长度的增加分配系数也平稳增加.生态风险分析结果表明,中、韩滨海城市化地区水体和沉积物中PFASs含量整体较低,尚处于较低风险水平,但存在严重局部污染问题,应当重视其对人体造成的潜在健康风险.     

污泥比例强化CANON系统抵御快速降温效能及机理

探究了3种不同颗粒及絮状污泥比例（高颗粒系统10：1~30：1;等量系统1：1~1：1.5;高絮状系统1：10~1：30）的单级自养脱氮系统（CANON）抵御快速降温的效能和机制.结果表明,CANON系统在30℃稳定运行后快速降温至10℃时,各系统的总氮去除负荷（NRR）均大幅下降,但等量系统的NRR始终高于其他系统.各系统的功能菌活性均与温度呈现出正相关关系,AAOB活性的下降幅度大于AOB和NOB的幅度,但等量系统中AAOB活性的下降幅度小于其他系统;快速降温不影响颗粒与絮状污泥功能菌的空间异质性和活性分布情况,但等量系统的空间异质性最为显著,能够较好的发挥颗粒和絮状污泥各自的作用,抵御快速降温的能力优于其他系统.