Design and use of group-specific primers and probes for real-time quantitative PCR

Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) has gained popularity as a technique to detect and quantify a specific group of target microorganisms from various environmental samples including soil, water, sediments, and sludge. Although qPCR is a very useful technique for nucleic acid quantification, accurately quantifying the target microbial group strongly depends on the quality of the primer and probe used. Many aspects of conducting qPCR assays have become increasingly routine and automated; however, one of the most important aspects, designing and selecting primer and probe sets, is often a somewhat arcane process. In many cases, failed or non-specific amplification can be attributed to improperly designed primer-probe sets. This paper is intended to provide guidelines and general principles for designing group-specific primers and probes for qPCR assays. We demonstrate the effectiveness of these guidelines by reviewing the use of qPCR to study anaerobic processes and biologic nutrient removal processes. qPCR assays using group-specific primers and probes designed with this method, have been used to successfully quantify 16S ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid (16S rRNA) gene copy numbers from target methanogenic and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in various laboratory- and full-scale biologic processes. Researchers with a good command of primer and probe design can use qPCR as a valuable tool to study biodiversity and to develop more efficient control strategies for biologic processes.     

激发剂作用下的盐石膏废渣的水化过程

运用Kondo模型,研究了在激发剂硫酸钠作用下盐石膏废渣的水化过程.盐石膏废渣的水化过程分为3个阶段,第1、第3阶段受扩散作用控制;第2阶段受相边界反应控制.分别研究了激发剂溶液浓度和温度对相边界反应阶段水化速率的影响,结果表明,在0—0.60 mol.L-1范围内,增大激发剂溶液浓度可使水化速率常数k增大,在12℃≤...     

CS2在TiO2表面的多相光化学反应研究

本文运用原位漫反射红外光谱(DRIFTS)、GC、XPS等手段研究了CS2在大气半导体颗粒TiO2表面的多相光化学反应.结果表明在模拟太阳光照射下,低浓度的CS2(8.1 mg·m(-3))在TiO2:表面发生多相光化学反应,生成气态产物cos、H2S、SO2,进而在颗粒物表面生成硫酸盐.在氧气体积浓度为21%,氙灯照...     

太阳光/电-Fenton法降解H-acid的表观动力学研究

进行了太阳光/电-Fenton法降解染料中间体H-acid模拟废水的表观动力学研究,通过对不同初始H-acid浓度和Fe2+浓度体系以及不同初始电压浓度体系反应的分析,确定该反应的表观动力学方程和动力学参数,为该技术降解H-acid废水优化反应条件提供了依据.结果表明,在固定初始pH值、支持电解质Na2SO4为0.10...     

复合光催化剂(TiO2/多壁碳纳米管)制备工艺条件对甲基橙光催化降解动力学的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法在不同条件下制备了多壁碳纳米管(MwCNTs)负载纳米TiO2的复合光催化剂(TiO2/MWCNTs).以偶氮类染料甲基橙为模拟污染物,研究不同制备工艺参数的复合光催化剂对甲基橙的光催化降解动力学的影响.对TiO2/MWCNTs的表征结果表明,纳米TiO2较好地分散在多壁碳纳米管表面;随着温度的升高,复...     

Stabilization of heavy metals in MSWI fly ash using silica fume

The objective of this work was to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of silica fume on stabilizing heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash. In addition to compressive strength measurements, hydrated pastes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal-analyses (DTA/TG), and MAS NMR (²⁷Al and ²⁹Si) techniques. It was found that silica fume additions could effectively reduce the leaching of toxic heavy metals. At the addition of 20% silica fume, leaching concentrations for Cu, Pb and Zn of the hydrated paste cured for 7 days decreased from 0.32 mg/L to 0.05 mg/L, 40.99 mg/L to 4.40 mg/L, and 6.96 mg/L to 0.21 mg/L compared with the MSWI fly ash. After curing for 135 days, Cd and Pb in the leachates were not detected, while Cu and Zn concentrations decreased to 0.02 mg/L and 0.03 mg/L. The speciation of Pb and Cd by the modified version of the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) extractions showed that these metals converted into more stable state in hydrated pastes of MSWI fly ash in the presence of silica fume. Although exchangeable and weak-acid soluble fractions of Cu and Zn increased with hydration time, silica fume addition of 10% can satisfy the requirement of detoxification for heavy metals investigated in terms of the identification standard of hazardous waste of China.     

过氧化钙降解有机污染物研究进展

CaO2具有很好的稳定性,可在水和土壤中逐步分解生成H2O2成为氧化反应的氧化剂,已作为H2O2的替代物用于环保领域的研究中.介绍了CaO2的作用机理,综述了CaO2用于处理含卤代物、染料、抗生素、苯系物等废水的研究进展,以及CaO2用于治理含石油烃、多环芳烃、苯系物和农药的污染土壤的研究进展.提出未来的研究方向:充分...     

粉尘爆炸反应工程学简要综述

１９９３年在波兰召开的第五届国际粉尘爆炸学术会议上，邓煦帆曾在论文中提议建立粉尘爆炸反应工程学，并提出学科的目的意义、性质、主要组成部分和研究方法。本文拟将国内外有关本学科范围内的贡献，加以简要综述，以期能逐渐形成本学科的自身体系和特点。     

Oxidative removal of acetaminophen using zero valent aluminum-acid system: Efficacy, influencing factors, and reaction mechanism

Commercial available zero valent aluminum under air-equilibrated acidic conditions (ZVAl/H⁺/air system) demonstrated an excellent capacity to remove aqueous organic compounds. Acetaminophen (ACTM), the active ingredient of the over-the-counter drug Tylenol^®, is widely present in the aquatic environment and therefore the treatment of ACTM-contaminated water calls for further research. Herein we investigated the oxidative removal of ACTM by ZVAl/H⁺/air system and the reaction mechanism. In acidic solutions (pH < 3.5), ZVAl displayed an excellent capacity to remove ACTM. More than 99% of ACTM was eliminated within 16 hr in pH 1.5 reaction solutions initially containing 2.0 g/L aluminum and 2.0 mg/L ACTM at 25 ± 1\textcelsius. Higher temperature and lower pH facilitated ACTM removal. The addition of different iron species Fe⁰, Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ into ZVAl/H⁺/air system dramatically accelerated the reaction likely due to the enhancing transformation of H₂O₂ to HO. via Fenton's reaction. Furthermore, the primary intermediate hydroquinone and the anions formate, acetate and nitrate, were identified and a possible reaction scheme was proposed. This work suggested that ZVAl/H⁺/air system may be potentially employed to treat ACTM-contaminated water.     

污泥厌氧消化反应器CFD数值模拟研究进展

污泥作为典型的不透明非牛顿流体,在厌氧消化反应器内的流场具有复杂性,难以直接进行流场测试分析。结合计算流体力学（CFD）技术,分析污泥厌氧消化反应器内的流场分布情况,探讨污泥在反应器内混合效果和对消化过程的影响,以验证校核反应器优化设计和运行,改善污泥在消化反应器内的流动和混合性能并最终提高反应器性能。在综合文献及前期研究工作的基础上,系统分析并重点关注了CFD数值模拟过程当中多相流模型和湍流模型的选取、污泥流变特性应用、反应器流场评估优化及耦合生化模型等的研究现状及进展,最后总结了目前污泥厌氧消化反应器CFD数值模拟过程存在的问题。并指出在考量污泥流变学特性的基础上,利用传质模型将反应器流场和生化过程相耦合,构建流场-生化耦合模型,获取基质转化规律,为优化污泥厌氧消化反应器设计运行提供理论依据,是CFD应用于厌氧消化反应器数值模拟的发展方向。