厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的长期保藏及快速活性恢复

在4℃且无基质的条件下,将厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥保藏230 d之后进行活性恢复,探究添加葡萄糖和丙酸钠两种有机碳源对于快速活性恢复的影响.经过230 d的长期保藏,厌氧氨氧化菌活性为0.013 g·（g·d）^-1,仅为保藏前的6.02%,且平均粒径为135.05 μm,骤降至原来的38.23%,污泥解体、颜色发黑.在活性恢复阶段,R2和R3反应器分别添加葡萄糖和丙酸钠作为有机碳源,恢复结果显示,经过15 d的恢复,R1、R2和R3反应器的PN含量分别达到了126.30、188.86和168.82 mg·g^-1,厌氧氨氧化菌活性均有所提升,分别达到了0.145、0.185和0.126 g·（g·d）^-1,其中,添加葡萄糖作为有机碳源的R2反应器厌氧氨氧化菌活性最高,恢复到了保藏前的85.65%,且总氮去除率达到81.61%.第20d时,R1、R2和R3反应器中厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的粒径分别为289.81、359.66和314.37 μm,表明厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的长期保藏不是无法克服的难题,且在恢复阶段添加葡萄糖不仅可以有效提高EPS含量,促进颗粒生长和黏附,而且丰富了厌氧氨氧化的反应途径,使其在恢复阶段与其他细菌的底物竞争中占据优势,更快地恢复活性.     

热重实验条件下不同氧气浓度对煤自燃反应能级的实验研究

为研究不同氧气浓度对煤自燃反应能级的影响,基于热重实验分别得到6个不同氧气浓度下的煤自燃特征温度点,通过计算不同阶段内煤自燃的反应动力学参数分析氧气浓度与煤自燃反应能级关系。实验结果表明:n≠1时,氧气浓度对煤自燃反应能级(n)的影响在不同温度段内的影响不同;氧气浓度与T1,T2,T3特征温度点的关系曲线变化趋势不明显,T4~T8温度点与氧浓度的关系呈现先增大后减小的趋势。     

一起反应釜爆炸事故原因分析

分析了某化工厂一起反应釜爆炸事故的可能原因,认为事故发生的原因主要是氮气置换失效及提前对反应釜进行加热,提出了预防措施.     

Fereducer反应强化直流电晕自由基簇射治理苯

为强化直流电晕自由基簇射对含苯废气的去除,采用Fereducer反应进行实验研究.将含Fereducer试剂的电极气引入反应器中,在苯浓度分别为953mg/m³和63mg/m³时,其去除率提高了21%和4.2%.电极气(O₂、H₂O)的存在对苯的脱除起了不同程度的促进作用,最高可达89.6%.苯的初始浓度较低时脱除效率较高,但高浓度下的绝对去除量较大.     

Fe<Superscript>0</Superscript>-based system as innovative technology for degrading trichloromethane: Redox removal characteristics

BACKGROUND: The spent waste of aliphatic chlorinated solvents has caused severe deterioration of groundwater quality. Trichloromethane (TCM), which shows health and toxicological effects on human beings, was selected as a model compound to be dechlorinated through a redox system. METHODS: The Fe0-based system including Fe0/H2O, Fe0/UV, Fe0/H2O2, and Fe0/UV/H2O2 was explored to evaluate its performance in dechlorinating TCM. H2O2 was dosed at later reaction time points to initiate Fenton or photo-Fenton reactions. The first two systems demonstrate the reductive dechlorination of TCM by Fe0-released electrons, while the latter two show dechlorination of TCM by both electron reduction and hydroxyl radical oxidation. The system parameters of TCM remaining, Cl- buildup, Fe2+ accumulation, H2O2 residue, and ORP were measured to describe different redox characteristics of TCM dechlorination. The Cl- buildup was used as a way to describe the degree of TCM dechlorination in an open reaction system. RESULTS: Reductive dechlorination efficiencies of TCM were 5% and 6% for the systems of Fe0/H2O and Fe0/UV, respectively. In contrast, the Fe/H2O2 and Fe0/UV/H2O2 systems were capable of dechlorinating TCM reductively and oxidatively by 14% and 15%, respectively. The presence of UV light was found to retard the dissolution of Fe2+, but it enhanced the rate of chloride buildup, based on the comparison of Fe0/H2O and Fe0/UV systems. In addition, WV irradiation plays only a minor role in the Fe0/UV/H2O2 system, in view of TCM dechlorination. Application of small amount of H2O2 results in the increase of Fe2+ accumulation rate in the Fe0/H2O2 system. CONCLUSIONS: TCM was dechlorinated mostly through post Fenton oxidation; reductive reaction represents a less efficient way to dechlorinate TCM. The efficiencies of overall TCM dechlorination for the two systems of Fe0/H2O2 and Fe0/UV/ H2O2 are comparable to each other, and this implies that the presence of UV irradiation imposes no significant enhancement. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOKS: It is highly recommended to initiate effective redox dechlorination of TCM with the system of Fe0/H2O2, where the H2O2 in excess is applied at a later reaction time point.     

用液相克劳斯反应从烟气中回收硫磺

利用液相克劳斯反应直接从烟气脱硫过程回收硫磺。考察了吸收液pH、NaHSO3和NaHS的添加顺序、NaHS添加量对硫产率的影响。在反应前将Na2S酸化、NaHSO3溶液的初始pH为2．3左右、n（SO3^2-）/n（S^2-）为4.21的条件下，反应后得到的硫磺全部为斜方晶体（即α-硫），硫产率为58％。     

硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)污泥固定化小球还原硫酸盐的动力学研究

通过研究硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)污泥固定化小球还原硫酸盐过程硫酸盐浓度的变化规律,建立了反应动力学方程,确定了pH值和球液配比量对反应速率常数的影响,计算了相应的反应表观活化能.结果表明: SRB还原硫酸盐的反应为一级反应,反应动力学方程为:V=-dC/dt=0.080 56C.pH值为6-7时,SRB还原硫酸盐的反应速率常数相差不大,pH＜4和pH＞10时,反应速率常数逐渐减小.球液配比量减少,反应速率常数也随之减小,反应表观活化能增大.在实验条件下,SRB还原硫酸盐属化学控制.并由此确定了SRB污泥固定化小球还原硫酸盐的最佳工艺条件为温度35 ℃、pH值6-7、球液配比量1∶10(g/mL).     

氯乙烯生产装置危险性分析

电石法制氯乙烯生产装置涉及到乙炔、氯化氢、氯乙烯等众多的易燃、易爆、有毒物质,反应条件苛刻,系统一旦失控,极易发生火灾、爆炸、中毒等重大事故。因此,对氯乙烯生产装置进行危险性分析具有重要的意义。本文采用危险性和可操作性研究及故障类型影响分析方法分别对氯乙烯生产装置工艺过程及设备的危险性进行了分析,找出了可能引发系统失控的工艺偏离及原因,并提出了控制措施。     

混酸中甲苯半间歇硝化过程的危险性研究

为了解甲苯在混酸中硝化的危险性,用差示扫描量热法(DSC)测试甲苯、混酸及一硝基甲苯的热分解情况,用反应量热仪(RC1e)研究搅拌速度、温度及硝酸过用率3因素对目的反应的影响。结果表明,混酸分解温度最低,而当目的反应的3因素出现异常,以及反应过程中发生冷却失效时,均可导致硝化反应体系不稳定,此时若不停止加料,并采取措施,易引起混酸的分解,进一步可引起一硝基甲苯的分解,导致严重后果。     

Practical applications of the fenton reaction to the removal of chlorinated aromatic pollutants

BACKGROUND: Chlorophenols (CPs) constitute a group of organic pollutants that are introduced into the environment as a result of several man-made activities, such as uncontrolled use of pesticides and herbicides, and as byproducts in the paper pulp bleaching. Promising removal technologies of chlorinated aromatics consist in the application of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) that can provide an almost total degradation of a variety of contaminants. Among these, wide application find Fenton systems based on generation of reactive species having a high oxidizing power, such as hydroxyl radical HO*. Our objective was that of determining the overall degradation efficiency of the model compound 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) by thermal Fenton-type oxidation systems with a view toward defining in more details relevant process parameters, the effect of reaction temperature and of co-catalyst Cu2+. METHODS: Reaction conditions were similar to those generally adopted as optimal in many practical applications, i.e. pollutant/Fe2+ (as FeSO4) ratio ca. 20, Fe2+/Cu2+ (co-catalyst) 2:1, pH adjusted and controlled at pH 3, and H2O2 in excess (up to four-fold over the stoichiometric amount required for complete mineralization). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results demonstrate that it is advantageous to carry out the reaction at a temperature markedly higher (70 degrees C) than ambient. The stepwise addition of H2O2 in aliquots yields an efficient transformation, while allowing a convenient control of the reaction exothermicity. Under these conditions, the essentially complete removal of the initial DCP is accomplished using just one equiv of H2O2 during 15 min; excess H2O2 (5 equivalents) yields extensive substrate mineralization. Also relevant, at 70 degrees C dechlorination of the initial DCP (and of derived reaction intermediates) is remarkably extensive (3-5% residual TOX), already with the addition of 1 equiv of H2O2. At the end of the reaction, IC and IC-MS analyses of the solution reveal that only low-molecular weight carboxylic acid (acetic, formic, oxalic, malonic, tartaric, etc.) contribute to the residual TOC. CONCLUSIONS: The whole of the results herein point to the advantage of performing the process at temperatures substantially higher than ambient (70 degrees C). Under the conditions adopted, almost complete degradation of the initial toxic compound can be achieved using hydrogen peroxide in fair excess (e.g., 3.5 equiv H2O2). RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: In applying practical Fenton-type degradation systems to heavily polluted wastes, either for the pre-treatment of waters with a high COD value prior to biodegradation or for complete mineralization of pollutants, the set up of appropriate reaction conditions appears to be a key factor. Also, it is desirable to keep the concentration of iron salts within the lower limits in order to minimize the production and disposal of iron oxide sludges.