纳污河流抗性基因和微生物群落相关性

通过Miseq高通量测序分析和荧光定量PCR技术,研究某纳污河流中四环素类与磺胺类抗性基因（ARGs）的分布特征、传播情况及微生物群落结构相关性.结果表明：在河流地表水与沉积物中均检测到四环素类抗性基因tetA和tetB与磺胺类抗性基因sul1和sul2,四环素类抗性基因和磺胺类抗性基因的绝对丰度分别为5.09×10³~1.26×10⁷,3.94×10⁵~1.32×10⁹copics/L,磺胺sul1抗生素抗性基因丰度显著高于其它基因;河流主要优势菌门为Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Firmicutes,Actinobacteria和Cyanobacteria,其平均总相对丰度占总比例的95.62%,且总体差异较小.抗性基因与微生物群落冗余分析显示,Methylotenera菌属是影响tetA抗性基因分布丰度的主要因素,Dechloromonas和Clostridium sensu stricto 1菌属是影响tetB抗性基因分布丰度的主要因素,Dechloromonas、Clostridium sensu stricto 1和Methylotenera菌属是影响sul1、sul2抗性基因分布丰度的主要因素.     

真空紫外光降解瓦斯反应动力学规律

为了研究真空紫外光降解瓦斯过程的反应动力学规律,在自制的真空石英光化学反应器中以含甲烷标准气体模拟矿井瓦斯,运用Langmuir-Hinshelwood(L-H)拟一级反应动力学模型对不同光照强度、氧气体积分数、甲烷初始体积分数和水分子体积分数下瓦斯(甲烷)的降解过程进行拟合.结果表明:真空紫外光降解瓦斯反应动力学规律符合一级反应动力学特性;光照强度、甲烷初始体积分数、氧气体积分数和水分子体积分数是影响真空紫外光降解瓦斯的主要因素;瓦斯(甲烷)降解的反应速率随光照强度和氧气体积分数增大而增大,随甲烷初始体积分数增大而减小,随水分子体积分数增大而先增大后减小.     

1998—2008年我国废水污水处理的碳排量估算

对我国1998—2008年的废污水碳排量进行了估算.同时,提出一种综合的碳排量估算方法,即综合生化反应过程法与耗电量折算法,分别计算了我国废污水处理过程中相关生化反应所伴随的碳排量(直接碳排)和废污水处理过程中的能耗所对应的碳排量(间接碳排).生化反应过程法运用物质守恒定律并结合生化过程的基本参数对碳排量进行核算;耗电量折算法主要是通过计算废污水处理的总耗电量,进一步将耗电量折算成碳排量.计算结果表明,1998—2008年我国废水污水处理产生总平均碳排量为35.4×106t.污水处理产生的碳排量大于废水处理产生的碳排量,平均占总碳排量的56.3%,呈逐年上升趋势.废污水处理产生的直接碳排量大于间接碳排量,平均占碳排总量的51.7%,呈逐年下降趋势.直接碳排量中,生活污水处理碳排量占73.6%,呈逐年上升趋势,而且水处理碳排量平均为泥处理碳排量的4.27倍.间接碳排量中,生活污水处理碳排量占37.5%,且呈上升趋势,工业碳排量较大的行业,如造纸及相关制品业,化学、医药制品业与水电气供应业碳排量分别占总量的25.2%、18.6%和17.5%.     

On the explosion and flammability behavior of mixtures of combustible dusts

In the work presented in this paper, the explosion and flammability behavior of combustible dust mixtures was studied. Lycopodium, Nicotinic acid and Ascorbic acid were used as sample dusts.In the case of mixtures of two dusts, the minimum explosive concentration is reproduced well by a Le Chatelier's rule-like formula, whereas the minimum ignition energy is a linear combination of the ignition energies of the pure dusts.An unexpected behavior has been found in relation to the explosion behavior and the reactivity. When mixing Lycopodium and Nicotinic acid or Ascorbic acid, the rate of pressure rise of the mixture is much higher than the rate of pressure rise obtained by linearly averaging the values of the pure dusts (according to their weight proportions), thus suggesting that strong synergistic effects arise; but it is comparable to that of the most reactive dust in the mixture.The observed behavior seems to be linked to the presence of minerals in the Lycopodium particles which catalyze oxidation reactions of Nicotinic acid and Ascorbic acid, as suggested by TG analysis.In the case of mixtures of three dusts, a similar behavior is observed when the concentration of Lycopodium is twice that of the other two dusts.     

铝易拉罐/Fe (Ⅱ)/O2体系降解对氨基苯胂酸的机理

对氨基苯胂酸是一种常见的有机胂化合物,常作为饲料添加剂用于畜牧业。研究了在酸性条件下（pH2体系降解水中的对氨基苯胂酸的机理。通过对各种实验参数如pH值、Fe（Ⅱ）的浓度、羟基自由基清除剂和气体氛围等条件的考察,发现：在酸性条件下,零价铝发生电子转移,体系中的溶解氧和水得电子生成过氧化氢,在外加Fe（Ⅱ）的条件下,促进了芬顿反应的发生,产生强氧化性的物质（·OH）,实现对对氨基苯胂酸的氧化降解。     

江汉油田老二站提高水质达标率研究

江汉油田老二站采出水经典处理后回注,出水悬浮物、Fe2+和细菌均超标严重,水质达标率低.通过工艺调整,工艺前段利用SRB的除铁作用大幅度降低Fe2+含量;絮凝沉降阶段依据Fenton反应原理,借助H2O2的氧化除铁与杀菌作用,提高絮凝沉降效率,降低悬浮物含量;工艺末段选用多种杀菌剂交替杀菌.结果表明,工艺调整后以100 mg/L的H2O2代替原絮凝剂,间歇添加100 mg/L的杀菌剂Ⅱ,出水含铁1.5 mg/L、悬浮物3.0 mg/L、SRB 10个/mL,老二站水质达到注水水质标准要求,水质达标率达80％.     

Fenton流化床陶瓷膜反应器处理造纸废水的膜污染与清洗

采用Fenton流化床陶瓷膜反应器处理造纸废水二级出水,研究了陶瓷膜膜污染的机理,提出了相应的清洗再生方案。实验结果表明:Fenton流化床陶瓷膜反应器处理后废水的溶解性有机碳和色度去除率分别达到84.2%和94.1%。通过Darcy定律模型计算,过滤阻力主要来自于滤饼层阻力,约占总阻力的62.1%;滤饼层中主要污染物为悬浮固体,约占滤饼层总质量的75.4%;疏水性有机物是造成滤饼层污染的主要溶解性有机物,而亲水性有机物更易造成膜孔堵塞;腐殖酸对滤饼层和膜孔堵塞影响较大,而蛋白质比多糖更易引起膜孔堵塞。采用HNO_3清洗污染膜效果最佳,在HNO_3质量分数1.00%、反应时间15 min时,膜通量恢复率达73.6%。     

Destruction of 4-phenolsulfonic acid in water by anodic contact glow discharge electrolysis

Destruction of 4-phenolsulfonic acid (4-PSA) in water was carried out using anodic contact glow discharge electrolysis. Accompanying the decay of 4-PSA, the amount of total organic carbon (TOC) in water correspondingly decreased, while the sulfonate group of 4- PSA was released as sulfate ion. Oxalate and formate were obtained as minor by-products. Additionally, phenol, 1,4-hydroquinone, hydroxyquinol and 1,4-benzoquinone were detected as primary intermediates in the initial stages of decomposition of 4-PSA. A reaction pathway involving successive attacks of hydroxyl and hydrogen radicals was assumed on the basis of the observed products and kinetics. It was revealed that the decay of both 4-PSA and TOC obeyed a first-order rate law. The effects of different Fe ions and initial concentrations of 4-PSA on the degradation rate were investigated. It was found that the presence of Fe ions could increase the degradation rate of 4-PSA, while initial concentrations lower than 80 mmol/L had no significant effect on kinetic behaviour. The disappearance rate of 4-PSA was significantly affected by pH.     

环境因素对气相甲苯光氧化反应机制的影响

以低压汞灯为光源,采用石英管连续流动态反应系统和特氟龙气袋静态反应系统,研究了环境因素〔RH(相对湿度)、温度、光照强度、有氧(空气)/无氧(氮气)气氛条件〕对低浓度(10~20 mg/L)气相甲苯光氧化过程的影响. 结果表明:①RH对甲苯光氧化反应影响显著. 干燥条件(RH为0%~5%)下甲苯光氧化去除率在8.3%~8.7%之间;当环境中有水蒸气存在(RH为20%)时,甲苯光氧化去除率降至6.5%~7.2%,其后光氧化去除率随着RH的进一步增加而逐渐增大,在RH为60%时达到最大值(9.4%~11.5%);但当RH继续增至80%时,去除率迅速降至4.4%~5.6%. ②甲苯光氧化去除率随着温度、光照强度的增加而提高. ③无论是干燥(RH为0%~5%)还是湿润(RH为60%)环境下,甲苯在有氧气氛下的去除率均高于无氧气氛;甲苯在有氧气氛下光氧化产物主要是苯和苯甲醛,在无氧气氛中的产物主要是苯. ④在干燥、有氧条件下,O(1D)应是甲苯光氧化的活性物种;在湿润、有氧条件下,甲苯的光氧化主要是通过·OH氧化降解;在无氧条件下,甲苯的光氧化主要是通过甲苯的直接光解完成.      

高碘酸盐光化学降解水中PFOA研究

研究了反应气氛和TiO2对全氟辛酸(PFOA)的光化学降解行为的影响.结果表明,在254 nm紫外光照下,PFOA光解十分微弱,加入IO4-显著增强PFOA光解.与氮气气氛相比,氧气气氛对PFOA光化学降解有抑制作用.PFOA在UV/TiO2/IO4-体系中的降解效果低于在UV/IO4-体系,反应120 min时,PF...