金属改性碳脱除PH3和H2S动力学及反应机理研究

为综合利用黄磷尾气中的CO,通过计算平均活化能和测定XPS、TG／DTA和氮吸附特性的方法,研究了Cu2＋和某金属离子M^n＋改性碳脱除PH,和H2S的动力学和反应机理问题。结果表明：H2S在金属改性碳上反应时平均活化能为134．4J／mol为-0．76级反应,PH,在金属改性碳上反应时平均活化能为1247．6J／mol为-0．8级反应;减小改性碳粒径增加流量可以显著提高其脱除PH,和H。S的速率;XPS、TG／DTA和孔径分布分析证明,改性碳净化H2S和PH3是一个催化吸附过程,H2S和PH3首先与氧在改性碳表面进行催化氧化反应,然后生成S和P2O5沉积吸附在改性碳表面。     

Exposure of acid aerosol for schoolchildren in metropolitan Taipei

Metropolitan Taipei, which is located in the subtropical area, is characterized by high population and automobile densities. For convenience, most primary schools are located near major roads. This study explores the exposure of acid aerosols for schoolchildren in areas in Taipei with different traffic densities. Acid aerosols were collected by using a honeycomb denuder filter pack sampling system (HDS). Experimental results indicated that the air pollutants were significantly correlated with traffic densities. The ambient air NO₂, SO₂, HNO₃, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, and aerosol acidity concentrations were 31.3 ppb, 4.7 ppb, 1.3 ppb, 1.9 μg m⁻³, 18.5 μg m⁻³, and 49.5 nmol m⁻³ in high traffic density areas, and 6.1 ppb, 1.8 ppb, 0.9 ppb, 0.7 μg m⁻³, 8.8 μg m⁻³ and 14.7 nmol m⁻³ in low traffic density areas. The exposure levels of acid aerosols for schoolchildren would be higher than the measurements because the sampling height was 5 m above the ground. The SO₂ levels were low (0.13–8.03 ppb) in the metropolitan Taipei. However, the SO₄²⁻ concentrations were relatively high, and might be attributed to natural emissions of sulfur-rich geothermal sources. The seasonal variations of acid aerosol concentrations were also observed. The high levels of acidic particles in spring time may be attributed to the Asian dust storm and low height of the mixture layer. We conclude that automobile contributed not only the primary pollutants but also the secondary acid aerosols through the photochemical reaction. Schoolchildren were exposed to twice the acid aerosol concentrations in high traffic density areas compared to those in low traffic density areas. The incidence of allergic rhinitis of schoolchildren in the high traffic density areas was the highest in spring time. Accompanied by high temperature variation and high levels of air pollution in spring, the health risk of schoolchildren had been observed.     

纳米TiO_2光催化降解硝基酚类污染物动力学及机理的研究

采用纳米TiO2(P25)粉末作为催化剂,研究了几种典型硝基取代酚在TiO2/UV悬浮体系下的光催化降解.研究表明,这些化合物的降解过程符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学方程,其表观速率常数(kapp)的大小为:2-氨基-4硝基酚(2-A,4-NP)>4-硝基酚(4-NP)>2-硝基酚(2-NP)>3-硝基酚(3-NP)>2,4-二硝基酚(2,4-DNP)>2,4,6-三硝基酚(2,4,6-TNP),而吸附平衡常数(KL)却与Kapp成反比.苯环上取代基的种类和数日对有机物光催化降解活性有很大的影响,硝基的加入降低了光催化活性,并且kapp与Hammett常数(σ)具有较好的线性关系.     

纳米铁去除水中硝酸盐的动力学研究

实验中采用了液相还原法制备新型吸附剂纳米铁。在纳米铁低投放量的条件下,采用间歇实验,分别从初始硝酸盐浓度、溶液pH值和温度的不同外界条件下研究了纳米铁对硝酸盐的去除情况。实验结果表明,硝酸盐初始浓度对反应速率有影响,但对去除率影响不大;溶液pH值为2.0时纳米铁对硝酸盐的去除效果最好;随着温度的升高,纳米铁对硝酸盐的去除率有所增加。以t时刻已反应掉的硝酸盐浓度为切入点,提出拟二级动力学方程。进而确定不同温度下的反应速率常数k。实验中k在50℃时最大,为0.014 mg/（L·min）。反应活化能Ea为17.18 kJ/mol,该反应以质量传递为控制因素。溶液中性条件下硝酸盐氮的还原产物为氨氮。     

周期循环静止沉淀工艺处理矿井水

已有的实验和实践表明,周期循环静止沉淀工艺与常规连续进、出水的单一沉淀工艺相比,其沉淀效率明显提高,其出水水质显著改善。为了进一步研究周期循环静止沉淀工艺的性能,进行了工业性试验研究。结果表明,周期循环静止沉淀池与常规沉淀池相比具有较高的处理能力和水质澄清效果,是常规沉淀池处理能力的1.2倍;在两池循环的周期循环静止沉淀工艺中,当反应池与静止沉淀池总处理能力比为1∶1时,周期循环的静止沉淀池清水层高度为2 m、周期内清水层形成速度为1.67 mm/s、体积负荷和表面负荷较常规沉淀池均提高了20%;受反应池进水流量的冲击影响,周期循环静止沉淀工艺的静止沉淀池设置数以2～3个为最佳;周期循环静止沉淀工艺中反应静止沉淀系统不会对后续过滤单元产生水力影响。     

高铁酸盐氧化降解水中苯酚的动力学及机理研究

以自制高铁酸钾(K₂FeO₄)为原料,探讨了影响高铁酸盐氧化降解苯酚的主要因素,并研究了苯酚降解的动力学特征和反应机理。结果表明,高铁酸盐加入量、pH值、持续搅拌、反应温度、反应时间都影响苯酚去除效果。其中高铁酸盐加入量是影响苯酚去除效果的关键因素,高铁酸盐氧化降解苯酚的最佳pH值范围为9～10,持续搅拌和提高反应温度只影响苯酚降解速率而不影响苯酚降解率。苯酚的降解过程遵循一级反应动力学模型。苯酚被高铁酸盐氧化生成CO₂、H₂O以及一部分难矿化的有机物。     

Two modelling approaches to water-quality simulation in a flooded iron-ore mine (Saizerais, Lorraine, France): a semi-distributed chemical reactor model and a physically based distributed reactive transport pipe network model

The flooding of abandoned mines in the Lorraine Iron Basin (LIB) over the past 25 years has degraded the quality of the groundwater tapped for drinking water. High concentrations of dissolved sulphate have made the water unsuitable for human consumption. This problematic issue has led to the development of numerical tools to support water-resource management in mining contexts. Here we examine two modelling approaches using different numerical tools that we tested on the Saizerais flooded iron-ore mine (Lorraine, France). A first approach considers the Saizerais Mine as a network of two chemical reactors (NCR). The second approach is based on a physically distributed pipe network model (PNM) built with EPANET 2 software. This approach considers the mine as a network of pipes defined by their geometric and chemical parameters. Each reactor in the NCR model includes a detailed chemical model built to simulate quality evolution in the flooded mine water. However, in order to obtain a robust PNM, we simplified the detailed chemical model into a specific sulphate dissolution-precipitation model that is included as sulphate source/sink in both a NCR model and a pipe network model. Both the NCR model and the PNM, based on different numerical techniques, give good post-calibration agreement between the simulated and measured sulphate concentrations in the drinking-water well and overflow drift. The NCR model incorporating the detailed chemical model is useful when a detailed chemical behaviour at the overflow is needed. The PNM incorporating the simplified sulphate dissolution-precipitation model provides better information of the physics controlling the effect of flow and low flow zones, and the time of solid sulphate removal whereas the NCR model will underestimate clean-up time due to the complete mixing assumption. In conclusion, the detailed NCR model will give a first assessment of chemical processes at overflow, and in a second time, the PNM model will provide more detailed information on flow and chemical behaviour (dissolved sulphate concentrations, remaining mass of solid sulphate) in the network. Nevertheless, both modelling methods require hydrological and chemical parameters (recharge flow rate, outflows, volume of mine voids, mass of solids, kinetic constants of the dissolution-precipitation reactions), which are commonly not available for a mine and therefore call for calibration data.     

C3H6和C3H8的性质差异对Pt-Rh型汽车排气催化剂起燃特性的影响

在实验室模拟研究中,丙烷和丙烯在Pt-Rh型汽车尾气催化剂表面的催化氧化性能的差异,会对催化剂的起燃特性表现造成影响.由于丙烯在催化剂表面存在较严重的自中毒作用,使得CO和NOx的低温起燃特性变差.在低温下,由于丙烷相对丙烯催化燃烧速率较慢,剩余的氧气和NOx发生竞争反应,导致NOx的温度-转化率曲线出现S型的起伏.     

臭氧氧化对城市二级处理水中溶解性有机物特性的影响及反应动力学分析

通过试验研究了臭氧氧化对城市二级处理水中有机物特性的影响。结果表明,适当的条件下臭氧氧化可提高水的可生化性,不同接触时间水中有机物的分子量分布特征不同;臭氧对水中有机物的氧化过程分为3个阶段,均属于一级反应,并得出了相应的动力学方程。利用上述结果,选择适当的控制条件,为臭氧预氧化与不同型式膜组合实现城市污水的高效低耗的再生利用提供一定的理论依据。     

城市污水细菌多样性及其生物安全性研究

为掌握镇江城市污水中微生物种群结构特征,笔者通过构建并分析城市污水中细菌16SrRNA基因文库,对其系统族群研究发现:污水中细菌16S rRNA基因主要来自变形细菌(proteobacte-ria)的各亚族,占总检序列的86.3％,还有脱铁杆菌门(Deferribacteres)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)等类群,表明城市污水中微生物丰富多样.通过生物安全评价发现,污水中存在多种病原微生物,包括Arcobacter; Sulfurospirillum;Acinetobacter; Aeromonas;Fusobacterium;Bacteroides; Esch-erichia coli;Enterobacter;Clostridium 等.研究表明,近似弓形杆菌属(Arcobacter)的细菌比例高达74.2％,为城市污水中的主要优势菌群,PCR扩增23S rDNA上的特异性序列后进一步证实污水中Arco-bacter为致病性弓形杆菌,该发现为制定治理城市污水生物性污染的措施提供了科学依据.