济南市城区夏季臭氧污染过程及来源分析

2019年夏季,在济南市城区开展了大气臭氧(O3)及其前体物[挥发性有机物(VOCs)和氮氧化物(NOx)]的综合观测研究,观测发现,日最大8h φ(O3)均值为(103.0±14.5) ×10-9,φ(NOx)平均值为(16.7±11.3) ×10-9,VOCs的体积分数和活性水平分别为(22.4±9.4)×10-9...     

成都市春季O3污染特征及关键前体物识别

2018年4月在成都市区开展了臭氧（O₃）以及挥发性有机物（VOCs）等污染物的在线监测,搜集了成都市国控站点数据,对O₃污染特征进行分析,利用增量反应活性（RIR）的方法识别了O₃生成的关键前体物.结果表明,成都市2016~2018年的4月的O₃污染程度逐年加重,O₃日变化呈现单峰态;当温度大于20℃,风速处于1~1.5 m·s^-1,相对湿度小于65%时,O₃超标率在4月会高于80%;2018年4月,O₃超标天的NO_x日均浓度是非超标天的2.3倍,VOCs日均浓度是非超标天的2倍;人为源VOCs、CO、天然源VOCs和NO_x这4大类前体物在臭氧超标天对O₃的RIR值依次为2.4、0.87、0.06和-2.6,说明O₃处于VOCs控制区;从VOCs物种来看,间/对-二甲苯、乙烯、反-2-丁烯、丙烯、邻-二甲苯、甲苯、丙酮、异戊二烯、异戊烷和正丁烷等为O₃生成的关键活性VOCs物种.     

Effects of atamp-charging coke making on strength and high temperature thermal properties of coke

The stamp-charging coke making process has some advantages of improving the operation environment, decreasing fugitive emission, higher gas collection efficiency as well as less environmental pollution. This article describes the different structure strength and high temperature thermal properties of 4 different types of coke manufactured using a conventional coking process and the stamp-charging coke making process. The 4 kinds of cokes were prepared from the mixture of five feed coals blended by the petrography blending method. The results showed that the structure strength indices of coke prepared using the stamp-charging coke method increase sharply. In contrast with conventional coking process, the stamp-charging process improved the coke strength after reaction but had little impact on the coke reactivity index.     

Inter-comparisons of VOC oxidation mechanisms based on box model: A focus on OH reactivity

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) oxidation processes play a very important role in atmospheric chemistry, and the chemical reactions are expressed in various manners in chemical mechanisms. To gain an improved understanding of VOCs evolution during oxidation processes and evaluate the discrepancies of VOCs oxidation schemes among different mechanisms, we used the total VOC reactivity as a diagnostic and evaluated tool to explore the differences for six widely used chemical mechanisms. We compared the total VOC reactivity evolution under high-NO_x conditions for several sets of precursors, including n-pentane, toluene, ethene, isoprene and a mixture of 57 Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS) species in a 0-D photochemical box model. Inter-comparison of total VOC reactivity of individual precursor simulations showed discrepancies to different extent of the oxidation schemes among the studied mechanisms, which are mainly attributed to the different lumping approaches for organic species. The PAMS simulation showed smaller discrepancy than individual precursor cases in terms of total VOC reactivity. SAPRC07 and RACM2 performances are found to better match the MCM for simulation of total VOC reactivity. Evidences suggest that the performance in simulating secondary organic products, OH concentrations and NO_x concentrations are related to the OH reactivity discrepancies among various chemical mechanisms. Information in this study can be used in selection of chemical mechanisms to better model OH reactivity in different environments. The results in this study also provide directions to further improve the ability in modelling total VOC reactivity with the chemical mechanisms.     

一个沿海城市大气臭氧的本地生成过程及其对前体物的敏感性

在威海市两个采样点用苏码罐采集了全空气样品,利用三级冷阱预浓缩-GC/MS方法离线测定了空气样品中109种大气挥发性有机物(VOCs).使用基于观测的MCM机理大气化学模式(OBM-MCM)分析了大气臭氧生成对VOCs组分的敏感性及本地生成过程.结果表明:观测期间两个采样点的总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)平均浓度分别为27.84×10~(-9)和17.85×10~(-9),对TVOCs贡献最大的均是烷烃.模拟分析表明,大气臭氧生成与前体物的控制关系存在空间差异性,在一个观测点受VOCs控制,而在另一个观测点受NO_x和VOCs共同控制;模拟结果还表明,臭氧生成对活性烃类最为敏感,但是,含氧有机物、卤代烃和高碳烷烃对臭氧生成的影响和贡献也不可忽视;此外,计算了日平均臭氧净生成速率P(O_3)_(net),分别为6.41×10~(-9) h~(-1)和3.22×10~(-9) h~(-1),臭氧的本地生成过程扮演重要角色.     

某石化企业三类成品油装载环节的有机污染物排放特征、环境影响及控制措施

石化行业的成品油装载环节是有机污染物的重点排放源,包括挥发性有机物(VOCs)和甲烷等。对我国某石化企业的汽油、航煤和柴油三类成品油在装载过程中外排的尾气进行了监测,并采用·OH损失速率和最大增量反应活性法,重点分析了装载过程中VOCs和甲烷的排放特征、大气反应活性及环境影响,并提出相关控制措施。结果表明,成品油装载环节外排的VOCs以烷烃为主。每吨成品油在装载过程中排放的VOCs强度达到2.2~36.4 g,其中汽油排放强度最高。丁烷、戊烷和己烷等C₄~C₆烃是主要烷烃组分;丙酮是含量最高含氧物质;丁烯、异戊二烯和戊烯是最主要的烯烃组分。这类VOCs具有较高大气光化学反应活性和臭氧生成潜势(OFP),大气活性与二甲苯活性相当。VOCs的OFP(即每克VOCs可产生的O₃质量)达到1.4~2.7 g·g⁻¹。航煤装载环节外排VOCs的反应活性与臭氧潜势高于汽油和柴油。装载环节外排VOCs的反应活性及臭氧生成潜势主要源于烷烃和烯烃组分,异戊烷、C₄~C₅烯烃和甲苯等是需优先控制的高活性物质。本研究可为石化企业从源头开展VOCs等有机污染物的精准管控提供参考。     

Oxidation reactivity of 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) by Compound I model of cytochrome P450s

Alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have become prevalent as a consequence of restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). For risk assessment of these alternatives, knowledge of their metabolism via cytochrome P450 enzymes is needed. We have previously proved that density functional theory (DFT) is able to predict the metabolism of PBDEs by revealing the molecular mechanisms. In the current study, the reactivity of 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane and structurally similar chemicals with the Compound I model representing the active site of P450 enzymes was investigated. The DFT calculations delineated reaction pathways which lead to reasonable explanations for products that were detected by wet experiments, meanwhile intermediates which cannot be determined were also proposed. Results showed that alkyl hydrogen abstraction will lead to bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethanol, which may undergo hydrolysis yielding 2,4,6-tribromophenol, a neurotoxic compound. In addition, a general pattern of oxidation reactivity regarding the 2,4,6-tribromophenyl moiety was observed among several model compounds. Our study has provided insights for convenient evaluation of the metabolism of other structurally similar BFRs.     

Monitoring and modeling of disinfection by-products (DBPs)

In the United States, the newly promulgateddisinfectant/disinfection by-product (D/DBP) regulationsforce water treatment utilities to be more concerned withfinished and distributed water qualities. In this study,monitoring of DBP formation was conducted from three Frenchwater treatment plants trying to assess DBP variationsthrough time and space. Compared to the in-plant totaltrihalomethanes (TTHM) levels, TTHM levels in thedistribution system increased from less than 150% to morethan 300%. Significant variations for TTHM and bromate(BrO₃ ^-) levels throughout the seasons were alsoobserved; generally higher levels in the summer and lowerlevels in the winter. Combining chemical DBP models(empirical power functional models) and hydraulicsimulations, DBPs including TTHM and BrO₃ ^- weresuccessfully simulated from the full-scale monitoring data,indicating that empirical DBP model can be a potential toolto access DBP formation in actual plants. This study alsoprovides the protocols to assess DBP simulations in thewater treatment systems.     

深圳市秋季大气OH自由基总反应性测量及其构成分析

羟基自由基(·OH)总反应性(k_(OH))是大气中所有·OH反应物的浓度与其·OH反应速率常数乘积的总和,对k_(OH)的直接测量有助于识别未知的·OH反应物种及提升·OH收支分析的准确度.因此,本研究建立了一套基于激光光解-激光诱导荧光技术的k_(OH)在线测量系统(LP-LIF),利用紫外脉冲激光在流动管内光解臭氧产生·OH,采用激光诱导荧光技术实时测量其与采样进入流动管的活性气体反应而导致的·OH浓度衰减,通过对该衰减进行指数拟合得到采样气的k_(OH).经实验室测试,LP-LIF系统对k_(OH)的测量灵敏度为1.2 s~(-1),时间分辨率5 min.应用该系统对2018年秋季深圳地区的大气k_(OH)进行为期1个月的连续测量,结合同步观测的·OH反应物浓度数据发现,k_(OH)观测值在10～30 s~(-1)之间,主要来自一氧化碳(14%)、氮氧化物(26%)和一次排放的挥发性有机物(24%).此外,由未测量的·OH反应物贡献的k_(OH)平均约23%,且在夜间和早晚高峰时段贡献较高,推测其主要来自溶剂涂料、石化工业及LPG机动车排放.     

南京北郊秋季VOCs及其光化学特征观测研究

采用GC5000挥发性有机物在线监测系统和EMS系统,于2011年11月在南京北郊开展了为期一个月的连续观测,分别测量了大气中56种VOCs组分和反应性气体(NOx、CO和O3).结果表明,南京北郊的VOCs小时平均体积分数大约在48.17×10-9,日变化呈明显双峰型特征,受机动车影响比较显著,极小值出现在下午16:00,白天与O3浓度曲线呈负相关;VOCs的平均OH消耗速率常数约为3.26×10-12cm3.(molecule.s)-1,最大增量反应活性约为3.26 mol·mol-1;烯烃对OH消耗速率(LOH)和臭氧生成潜势(OFP)贡献率最大,芳香烃次之,而烷烃在大气中含量最为丰富,却并不是LOH和OFP主要贡献者;VOCs关键活性组分是乙烯、丙烯、1-丁烯、间,对-二甲苯及异戊二烯等物质;臭氧生成过程处于VOCs控制区.