交替好氧/缺氧运行模式对生物脱氮效能及活性污泥胞外聚合物的影响

以实际生活废水为处理对象,考察了SBR工艺好氧/缺氧(O/A)和缺氧/好氧(A/O)运行模式对生物脱氮性能、胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)及其组分(蛋白质PN、多糖PS和核酸DNA)的影响.结果表明,O/A和A/O运行模式下,SBR工艺均获得了高效稳定的NH_4~+-N去除,去除率分别为97.5%和98.0%,且硝化速率与NH_4~+-N负荷呈现较好正相关性.交替缺氧/好氧运行模式对于EPS影响,A/O模式下EPS产量略高于O/A模式下,且运行模式对TB-EPS及其组分(PN、PS和DNA)产量无显著影响,但A/O模式下LB-EPS及其组分(PN和PS)产量均高于O/A模式下,倍数介于1.38~1.56之间.2种模式条件下,PS是TB-EPS和EPS的主要组分,而PN是LB-EPS的主要成分.EPS含量与污泥沉降性能具有良好的线性正相关.     

Analysis of floc morphology in a continuous-flow flocculation and sedimentation reactor

The floc morphology was investigated in a continuous-flow reactor, in order to understand the evolution of flocs in practical flocculation and sedimentation processes in water utilities. Kaolin-humic acid suspension was used as the test water, and polyaluminum chloride was chosen as the coagulant. An in-situ recognition system was applied to analyze the floc size, boundary fractal dimension, and eccentricity ratios. Particle numbers and turbidity were also determined in the sedimentation stage. At a coagulant dose of 1 mg/L as Al, the average floc size increased from 62 to 78 μm and the boundary fractal dimension was around 1.14, suggesting that flocs were compact and continuously grew during the entire flocculation process. However, with the dose increased to 5 mg/L, the average floc size decreased and stabilized at around 65 μm, with the fractal dimension of 1.20. It can be concluded that the excess coagulant doses resulted in the formation of chain-shaped, lower density, and more branched structure flocs, thereby restricting flocs' further growth in the subsequent flocculation. Floc morphology analysis suggested that charge neutralization dominated in the initial flocculation stage, then the bridge and sweep mechanisms were dominant in the subsequent flocculation. In addition, compared with the traditional inclined plate settler, a novel V-shaped plate settler introduced in this study had an advantage in small size floc(less than 5 μm) removal. The V-shaped region could promote aggregate restructuring and re-flocculation; therefore, the V-shaped plate settler provides an alternative method for sedimentation.     

Drinking water treatment using a submerged internal-circulation membrane coagulation reactor coupled with permanganate oxidation

A submerged internal circulating membrane coagulation reactor(MCR) was used to treat surface water to produce drinking water. Polyaluminum chloride(PACl) was used as coagulant,and a hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) submerged hollow fiber microfiltration membrane was employed. The influences of trans-membrane pressure(TMP), zeta potential(ZP) of the suspended particles in raw water, and KMnO_4 dosing on water flux and the removal of turbidity and organic matter were systematically investigated. Continuous bench-scale experiments showed that the permeate quality of the MCR satisfied the requirement for a centralized water supply, according to the Standards for Drinking Water Quality of China(GB 5749-2006), as evaluated by turbidity(1 NTU) and total organic carbon(TOC)(5 mg/L)measurements. Besides water flux, the removal of turbidity, TOC and dissolved organic carbon(DOC) in the raw water also increased with increasing TMP in the range of 0.01–0.05 MPa. High ZP induced by PACl, such as 5–9 mV, led to an increase in the number of fine and total particles in the MCR, and consequently caused serious membrane fouling and high permeate turbidity.However, the removal of TOC and DOC increased with increasing ZP. A slightly positive ZP, such as 1–2 mV, corresponding to charge neutralization coagulation, was favorable for membrane fouling control. Moreover, dosing with KMnO_4 could further improve the removal of turbidity and DOC, thereby mitigating membrane fouling. The results are helpful for the application of the MCR in producing drinking water and also beneficial to the research and application of other coagulation and membrane separation hybrid processes.     

SBR反应器厌氧氨氧化系统启动过程中细菌群落结构的变化

以白洋淀岸边带沉积物为接种污泥,启动了SBR厌氧氨氧化反应器.对反应器启动过程中的进出水水质进行了连续监测,并采用PCRDGGE、定量PCR和基因测序等分子生物学技术研究了系统内总细菌和厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)细菌群落结构随培养时间的变化规律.结果表明:在启动过程中,总微生物菌群动态变化水平为26.6%~50.5%;微生物多样性先变小后增大,优势菌种得到重新分布;ANAMMOX细菌的群落结构变得单一化,最后系统的优势ANAMMOX细菌是Brocadia属.富集培养阶段SBR系统中ANAMMOX细菌的最大生物量达到了1.73×109copies·g~(-1)干污泥,而且总氮的去除率最高达到约82%.     

两种不同抑制策略下部分亚硝化系统运行特性比较

为研究如何控制部分亚硝化系统的稳定性,在高氨氮负荷[1 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)]和不同的双重抑制策略下启动并连续运行两个序批式反应器(sequencing batch reactors,SBRs).结果表明在温度35℃±1℃,进水氨氮负荷为1 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)的条件下,FA和DO的双重抑制和FNA和DO的双重抑制均可成功实现高氨氮废水稳定的部分亚硝化,出水NO-2-N/NH+4-N接近1,NO-3-N浓度接近于零,满足ANAMMOX反应的进水基质要求.R1反应器在DO和FA的控制策略下,亚硝氮氧化速率从28.16mg·(g·h)~(-1)减小到0.3 mg·(g·h)~(-1)(以NO-2-N计,下同),而氨氧化速率减小43.60%,最终稳定在20 mg·(g·h)~(-1)(以NH+4-N计,下同)左右.R2反应器在DO和FNA的控制策略下,亚硝氮氧化速率从12.37 mg·(g·h)~(-1)降至0.02 mg·(g·h)~(-1),而氨氧化速率仍维持在较高水平[45 mg·(g·h)~(-1)].DO和FNA双重抑制的系统与DO和高FA双重抑制的系统相比,具有富集时间短,AOB活性高,运行稳定性强等优点,更适用于启动部分亚硝化系统及维持系统稳定性.     

盐度对EGSB反应器的运行及厌氧颗粒污泥的影响

高盐废水通常含有高COD浓度,难以处理,引用具有耐盐性能的生物反应器处理高盐废水成为必要.使用模拟高盐废水在3.267 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)的COD容积负荷下,将Cl~-浓度逐步从0提升至10 000 mg·L~(-1),研究盐度对膨胀颗粒污泥床(expanded granular sludge bed,EGSB)反应器的影响.结果表明,Cl~-浓度小于7 500 mg·L~(-1)时,对微生物的抑制作用较低;Cl~-浓度为7 500 mg·L~(-1)时,反应器的COD去除率能保持在98.1%左右,容积产气率能够基本保持在1.3 m~3·(m~3·d)~(-1)以上,大粒径的厌氧颗粒污泥仍然占据体系的主体;当Cl~-浓度为10 000 mg·L~(-1)时,反应器中的厌氧颗粒污泥受到严重影响.采用高通量测序技术对0和5 000 mg·L~(-1)两个Cl~-浓度下的厌氧颗粒污泥的微生物菌群结构进行分析,结果表明,盐度影响了微生物的种群分布,在5 000 mg·L~(-1)的Cl~-浓度下,主要的优势菌属由Cl~-浓度为0时的Methanoregula与Longilinea变为Methanobacterium、Methanospirillum、Methanothrix和Paludibacter.     

ABR工艺ANAMMOX耦合短程硝化协同脱氮处理城市污水

厌氧氨氧化技术如能替代市政污水厂的主流工艺,将大幅降低市政污水处理能耗.故采用ABR反应器,构建除碳系统、短程硝化系统和厌氧氨氧化系统,将三者耦合成一体化短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器进行城市污水脱氮.结果表明,ABR除碳系统的HRT为4.5 h时,其出水COD平均浓度为80 mg·L~(-1),不会对后续短程硝化系统产生不利影响,出水TN平均浓度为10mg·L~(-1),厌氧氨氧化系统TN容积负荷为0.36 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).当控制DO为1~2 mg·L~(-1)时,亚硝化率能长时间维持在90%左右,有利于保证后续厌氧氨氧化系统的稳定运行.当控制温度为30℃左右,好氧区DO为1~2 mg·L~(-1)良时,短程硝化-ANAMMOX一体化ABR工艺可以对城市污水稳定高效地脱氮.     

不同COD浓度下低基质厌氧氨氧化的启动特征

采用厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)处理NH4+-N和NO2--N浓度分别为(25. 00±0. 40) mg·L~(-1)和(33. 00±0. 60) mg·L~(-1)的模拟废水,在温度为30℃时,投加乙酸钠控制COD浓度分别为5. 00、15. 00、30. 00和50. 00 mg·L~(-1),研究对厌氧氨氧化启动的影响.结果表明:①4种COD浓度下分别经过74、94、106和129 d均能成功启动厌氧氨氧化. COD浓度为15. 00 mg·L~(-1)和30. 00 mg·L~(-1)时,反应器脱氮性能较好,稳定运行后,平均出水NH4+-N浓度分别为1. 98 mg·L~(-1)和1. 89 mg·L~(-1),平均出水NO2--N浓度低于0. 62 mg·L~(-1),平均出水TN浓度分别为2. 37、2. 28 mg·L~(-1);②启动过程中反硝化对脱氮的平均贡献率逐渐降低至4. 78%、9. 59%、10. 21%和36. 50%,厌氧氨氧化对脱氮的平均贡献率逐渐上升至95. 22%、90. 41%、89. 79%和63. 50%;③厌氧氨氧化活性分别在第44、76、86和114 d时超过反硝化活性,最后分别达到0. 700、0. 690、0. 670和0. 510mg·(g·h)~(-1),反硝化活性分别为0. 110、0. 130、0. 240和0. 410 mg·(g·h)~(-1).该研究结果可为厌氧氨氧化技术在实际工程中的应用提供参考.     

炼油碱渣预处理工程实践

炼油碱渣因其高浓度污染会对污水处理系统造成冲击.某炼油厂实行"清污分流、污污分治"的污水治理政策,对碱渣进行预处理以消减负荷.针对碱渣主要含可生化降解物质,采用两级生物催化作为主要预处理手段.工程实践表明,控制进水pH值为5-6和反应器DO > 2 mg /L,处理出水的COD、硫化物和挥发酚平均质量浓度分别为5347...     

尿素合成塔爆炸事故机理的研究

尿素合成塔工艺条件复杂,体积庞大,内部物料状态复杂,需要在高温、高压下操作,国内外曾发生过几起著名的尿素合成塔爆炸事故,事故后果非常严重。工艺条件的复杂性加大了事故分析的难度,目前对事故原因众说纷纭。利用数值模拟软件,对尿素合成塔爆炸过程进行研究,对爆炸机理进行分析,对事故发生的原因进行探讨,为预防同类事故提供一定的依据。分析了顶部气相空间爆炸性混合体系的形成和爆炸过程,结合数值模拟得出关键点的压力变化和气相冲击波最终的压力,依据能量守恒推导出液相中冲击波的压力。利用数值模拟得出冲击波在液相中的传播速度和叠加的情况,综合反射、直接透射两部分冲击波进入液相的时间差,找到位于筒体底部的叠加点,冲击波在该处叠加造成筒体破裂,过热液体瞬间气化喷出,引发破坏更大的二次蒸汽大爆炸。