黄连素制药废水的电化学预处理试验

采用Ti基RuO₂涂层形稳电极为阳极,研究了电化学方法对黄连素制药废水的处理效果. 考察了废水初始pH,电极板间距及电流强度对废水中黄连素及COD_Cr去除率的影响,确定了电化学法处理黄连素制药废水的最佳条件. 结果表明,废水初始pH为5.13～9.07,电流强度为50.0 mA/cm2,电极板间距为1.0 cm,处理120 min,电化学法对黄连素制药废水处理效果较好;初始pH为7.05时黄连素和COD_Cr的去除率分别达到97.5%和60.5%. 同时,研究了处理过程中废水可生化性的变化规律,并在此基础上计算了电化学法处理黄连素制药废水的能耗. 结果显示,电化学方法是一种非常有效的黄连素制药废水预处理方法,出水的可生化性明显提高,ρ（BOD₅）/ρ（COD_Cr）（B/C比）高达0.800左右.      

稳健统计在快速生物降解性试验质量分析中的应用

快速生物降解性试验在新化学物质的生态毒理测试中占据重要地位,其测试数据的可靠性直接影响后续的测试策略和物质的申报登记、以及新化学物质进入环境后的风险管理。为研究OECD 301系列试验(301B、301D和301F)的质量,选用本机构近5年来积累的标准化物质苯甲酸钠14 d快速生物降解率数据,首次采用稳健统计技术,以稳健总计统计量的Z比分数作为评价指标,对各试验数据和试验系统的质量开展评估。结果显示,当301B、301D和301F试验的苯甲酸钠降解率分别在63.8%~88.0%、63.4%~89.2%和66.0%~99.8%范围内时,表明测试结果满意,该批次试验数据质量良好;若苯甲酸钠降解率不在此范围,则表明测试结果可能存在问题,甚至得到的可能是错误数据,需要进一步验证。据此提出了对实际测试工作具有指导意义的质量分析对照表,以期为测试机构开展新化学物质快速生物降解性试验时的质量分析提供参考。     

UV/Fenton氧化法预处理甲醛废水的试验研究

采用UV/Fenton氧化法对某树脂厂甲醛废水进行预处理,通过单因素试验和正交试验探讨了H2O2和Fe2+投加量、反应时间及pH值等因素对废水COD和HCHO去除率的影响。综合考虑经济性和去除效果,确定了最佳反应条件:H2O2投量为10 g/L,Fe2+投量为1.2 g/L,反应时间50 min,原水pH值8.23。在此条件下,COD和HCHO的去除率可分别达到48.18%和99.74%,反应符合一级反应动力学。废水可生化性(BOD5/COD)从初始的0.25提高到0.43,为废水的后续生化处理创造了条件。     

维生素类制药废水深度处理中试研究

采用"水解酸化—复合厌氧—流离生物床—臭氧—三相生物流化床"工艺对维生素类制药废水处理后的出水进行深度处理。由于废水的可生化性极差,将其与生活污水混合后,BOD/COD值由0.05提高到0.18。中试试验结果表明,利用水解酸化和臭氧氧化对废水可生化性进行改善,可使COD和氨氮的去除率分别达到80%和90%以上。出水COD和氨氮完全达到GB18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》的一级A标准要求。     

泡沫灭火剂生物降解性能研究及发展趋势

阐述了泡沫灭火剂生物降解原理、一般过程及作用机制,分析了影响其生物降解性的主要因素,并对包括OECD 301系列标准在内的可用于泡沫灭火剂生物降解测试的方法和标准进行了综述,进而对目前国内外该领域的研究现状进行比较和分析。基于目前泡沫灭火剂生物降解性能的研究较为缺乏,不同种类泡沫灭火剂生物降解性差异较大的现状,提出了基于生物降解性能筛选的泡沫灭火剂优化体系的建立方法,并分析了其未来研究方向。     

温度、pH值对城市垃圾中有机碳溶解及其降解特性的影响

通过实验及数值模拟的方法,研究了不同温度和pH值条件下有机碳的溶解动力学特性.结果表明,提高溶液温度有利于加速易溶解有机碳的溶解速率,但不能提高固相有机碳总的溶解量.降低溶液pH值有利于固相有机碳的溶解.实验样品在所有测试环境条件下,有机碳溶解速率为0.05~0.22m3/(kg·h);易溶解有机碳占总可溶解性有机碳百分比为30%~50%;易溶解有机碳溶解速率为14~65h-1,比难溶解有机碳溶解速率高出大约3个数量级.水溶性有机碳生物可降解性实验表明,79%以上水溶性碳难以在厌氧条件下被原生菌降解.     

Definition of compostability criteria for packaging: Initiatives in Italy

The management of solid waste is changing. The traditional approach based on landfilling of mixed refuses is shifting toward a system based on the at-source sorting of waste into specific fractions. The biological treatment of the organic fraction is considered to be an appropriate form of disposal not only for the “traditional≓ feedstock such as food scraps and vegetable and garden waste, but also for biodegradable packaging, when not recyclable in other ways. Any change from a complex system to another is difficult since many factors are to be organized and optimized. Industry must develop and manufacture compostable products, municipalities must build composting plants and organize source-separated collection, and regulatory bodies must define widely acceptable criteria of compostability. In Europe, the European Union has assigned the last task to the CEN, to provide common criteria and avoid hindrance to commercial exchanges. In Italy the UNI, the national standardization organization, has produced a working document to contribute to the discussion on the European level. In this paper the UNI scheme is described. A condensed version of this paper was presented by one of the authors (F.D.I.) at the 5th annual meeting of the BEDP Society, held in Nashville, September 22–26, 1996, during a session covering International Standards for Biodegradation Testing.     

Enzymatic Degradation of Cellulose-Based Materials

The biodegradability of cellulose-based materials was compared in the standard Sturm test and by enzymatic hydrolysis. Trichoderma reesei culture filtrate, the purified enzymes endoglucanase I and II from T. reesei, and -glucosidase from Aspergillus niger were used in the experiments. The unpurified Trichoderma reesei culture filtrate was found to contain a mixture of enzymes suitable for cellulose degradation. However, when purified enzymes were used the right balance of the individual enzymes was necessary. The addition of -glucosidase enhanced the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose materials when both culture filtrate and purified enzymes were used. In the Sturm test the biodegradability of most of the cellulose materials exceeded 70% carbon dioxide generation, but, in contrast, the biodegradability of the highly substituted aminated cellulose and cellulose acetate was below 10%. The results concerning enzymatic hydrolysis and biodegradability were in good agreement for kraft paper, sausage casing, aminated cellulose, and cellulose acetate. However, diverging results were obtained with cotton fabric, probably as a result of its high crystallinity.     

竹丝填充床对高有机负荷及低C/N水质的脱氮特性

利用竹丝填料作为生物载体而组建的接触氧化工艺对高浓度难降解水质和低C/N水质的脱氮特性进行了研究.结果表明,当进水COD为804～5100mg/L,BOD为45.0～1100mg/L,BOD/COD为0.01～0.46的情况下,TN去除率为26.6%～96.95%,出水BOD/COD为0.07～0.75;当COD为98～251mg/L,TN为28.0～105.1mg/L,COD/TN为1.6～4.6时,TN去除率为4.94%～48.8%,说明竹丝填料接触氧化工艺在高浓度难降解水质和低C/N比水质条件下具有很好的脱氮效果,但竹子囊腔内的竹汁会使系统脱氮效果波动;对反应器内的主要菌群的分布特征研究发现,在处理高浓度难降解水质过程中,进、出口处细菌浓度相当;而在处理低C/N水质过程中,细菌、硝化细菌主要分布在反应器的进口处,反硝化细菌沿程均匀分布.     

Treatment of oilfieid produced water by anaerobic process coupled with micro-electrolysis

Treatment of oilfield produced water was investigated using an anaerobic process coupled with micro-electrolysis (ME), focusing on changes in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biodegradability. Results showed that COD exhibited an abnormal change in the single anaerobic system in which it increased within the first 168 hr, but then decreased to 222 mg/L after 360 hr. The biological oxygen demand (five-day) (BOD5)/COD ratio of the water increased from 0.05 to 0.15. Hydrocarbons in the wastewater, such as pectin, degraded to small molecules during the hydrolytic acidification process. Comparatively, the effect of ME was also investigated. The COD underwent a slight decrease and the BOD5/COD ratio of the water improved from 0.05 to 0.17 after ME. Removal of COD was 38.3% under the idealized ME conditions (pH 6.0), using iron and active carbon (80 and 40 g/L, respectively). Coupling the anaerobic process with ME accelerated the COD removal ratio (average removal was 53.3%). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to analyze organic species conversion. This integrated system appeared to be a useful option for the treatment of water produced in oil fields.