三种纳米金颗粒对聚合酶链式反应扩增效率和特异性的影响

比较了采用柠檬酸三钠(Trisodium citrate,Na3Ct)还原法、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(Polyvinylpyrrolidone,PVP)包裹法和巯基丙酸-同型半胱氨酸(Mercaptopropionic Acid-Homocystine,MPA-HCys)包裹法制备的3种纳米金颗粒(Gold nanoparticles,AuNPs)对聚合酶链式反应(Polymerase Chain Reaction,PCR)扩增效率及特异性的影响,以评估金纳米材料表面性质与DNA生物大分子之间的相互作用.实验结果显示,3种AuNPs均能显著提高PCR效率,它们提高PCR效率的能力依次为:Na3 Ct-AuNPs(12 nm)MPA-HCys-AuNPs(12 nm)PVP-AuNPs(4 nm),而且这种增强效应与其浓度和尺寸相关.相同实验条件下,具有相似尺寸大小的Na3Ct-AuNPs比MPA-HCys-AuNPs更能有效提高PCR效率,这说明AuNPs的表面性质也是影响PCR效率的重要因素之一.另外,3种AuNPs均能有效消除竞争性引物对PCR的抑制作用,并且这种作用与其浓度密切相关.上述研究结果表明,具有不同表面性质的3种AuNPs均能有效提高PCR效率和特异性,并且这种作用与其浓度、尺寸和表面性质密切相关.     

Abundance and distribution of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in Tibetan and Yunnan plateau agricultural soils of China

As low oxygen and high ultraviolet （UV） exposure might significantly affect the microbial existence in plateau, it could lead to a specialized microbial community. To determine the abundance and distribution of ammonia-oxidizing archaea （AOA） in agricultural soil of plateau, seven soil samples were collected respectively from farmlands in Tibet and Yunnan cultivating the wheat, highland-barley, and colza, which are located at altitudes of 3200-3800 m above sea level. Quantitative PCR （q-PCR） and clone library targeting on amoA gene were used to quantify the abundances of AOA and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria （AOB）, and characterize the community structures of AOA in the samples. The number of AOA cells （9.34 × 10^7-2.32× 10^8 g^-1 soil） was 3.86-21.84 times greater than that of AOB cells （6.91 × 10^6-1.24 × 10^8 g^-1 soil） in most of the samples, except a soil sample cultivating highland- barley with an AOA/AOB ratio of 0.90. Based Kendall＇s correlation coefficient, no remarkable correlation between AOA abundance and the environmental factor was observed. Additionally, the diversities of AOA community were affected by total nitrogen and organic matter concentration in soils, suggesting that AOA was probably sensitive to several environmental factors, and could adjust its community structure to adapt to the environmental variation while maintaining its abundance.     

ERIC-PCR:一种快速鉴别环境细菌菌株的方法

以 Ｅ Ｒ Ｉ Ｃ（ 肠杆菌基因间共有重多序列） 序列设计的特异引物对３ 株大肠杆菌、３ 株软腐欧氏杆菌、２ 株草生欧氏杆菌、１ 株梨火疫欧氏杆菌、１ 株催娩克氏菌、１ 株阴沟肠杆菌和９ 株具有降酚能力的细菌等２０ 种细菌的基因组 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 进行 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 分析．每种菌株均存在数目不等的各自独特的带型,能够区分同一种类中极为相近的菌株．经多次重复,各特异性扩增的主要带型能重复稳定出现．聚类分析的结果表明,供试菌株多数按照分类地位归到相应的组中．９ 种具有降酚能力的细菌中,２ 种分离自处理焦化废水池活性污泥,７ 种来自土壤样品． Ｅ Ｒ Ｉ Ｃ Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 指纹图显示,前２ 种属于一类,都有一条大小约１ ．１ ｋｂ 的主带,其它７ 种土壤中分离出来的细菌除其中１ 种有１ 条约１ ．２ ｋｂ 大小的主带外,其余６ 种都有１ 条大小约１ ．４ ｋｂ 的带．聚类分析将从土壤中分离出来的细菌归为３ 种不同的类型． Ｅ Ｒ Ｉ Ｃ Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 可以从分子水平对细菌基因组进行快速指纹图分析,在对环境细菌分离物进行快速鉴定和归类等方面具有实用价值     

DG-DGGE分析除臭生物滤池微生物多样性及富集后的种群结构差异

以细菌的通用引物PCR扩增16SrRNA基因的V3可变区,结合应用双梯度变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGDGGE)技术分析除臭生物滤池中不同空间层次的微生物种群的基因多样性,以及富集前后的微生物种群结构变化,初步了解可培养细菌的情况,并回收主要的DNA片段进行序列分析.结果表明,在滤池的不同层次上呈现出明显的空间分布多样性差异,并且培养前后及不同培养基富集培养的微生物种群的多样性及特异性有很大的差别.序列比对显示,硫氧化细菌在除臭过程中占有优势地位,为进一步的菌种分离提供有益的指导,也为更好地处理恶臭气体提供可靠的科学支持.图4表2参18     

交替好氧/缺氧短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮Ⅱ.过程控制模式的确定

对交替好氧 缺氧短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺中曝气和搅拌时间的控制模式进一步研究 .结果表明 ,ORP(氧化还原电位 )和pH的一阶和二阶导数变化可以作为控制交替好氧和缺氧运行方式的过程控制参数 .在此基础上 ,建立了控制交替好氧和缺氧时间的过程控制模式 .按照所建立的过程控制模式对进水COD、氨氮和总氮浓度分别为 194 5 5～ 92 4 90mg·L-1,2 5 6 8～ 81 4 8mg·L-1和 36 4 6～ 90 5 5mg·L-1.的废水实施交替好氧 缺氧控制 ,经过 2个月的运行 ,COD、氨氮和总氮的下降率和去除率仍然保持在 90 % ,99%和 92 % .因此 ,交替好氧 缺氧短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺控制模式是可行的 ,它不但科学地分配了好氧和缺氧时间 ,提高了反应速率 ,而且为最终实现该工艺的模糊控制奠定了理论基础     

铁矿区内重金属对土壤氨氧化微生物群落组成的影响

以密云水库上游某铁矿区为研究对象,采用荧光定量PCR和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)分析了矿区内不同采样点的土壤中氨氧化微生物的数量和群落结构的变化,结果表明,土样中氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)的数量变化范围分别为3.01×107~1.08×109copies/g干土和8.65×107~2.69×109copies/g干土.重金属含量与氨氧化微生物数量的相关性分析以及氨氧化微生物群落结构的冗余分析结果表明,该矿区内重金属污染改变了土壤中的氨氧化微生物的数量和结构.Cu污染对AOA的数量起到了显著抑制作用(r= -0.653*, P<0.05),但是对AOB则没有明显作用;Zn污染对尾矿库区域土壤的AOA/AOB比值影响显著(r= -0.606*, P<0.05);Cd污染改变了AOB的种群分布,降低了AOB的多样性水平.土壤中Cr长期干扰并没有改变氨氧化微生物的数量和结构,但是明显得抑制了氨氧化速率,表明重金属污染在一定程度上也影响了土壤生态系统的氮循环.     

Quantification of viable bacteria in wastewater treatment plants by using propidium monoazide combined with quantitative PCR (PMA-qPCR)

The detection of viable bacteria in wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) is very important for public health, as WWTPs are a medium with a high potential for waterborne disease transmission. The aim of this study was to use propidium monoazide(PMA) combined with the quantitative polymerase chain reaction(PMA-qPCR) to selectively detect and quantify viable bacteria cells in full-scale WWTPs in China. PMA was added to the concentrated WWTP samples at a final concentration of 100 μmol/L and the samples were incubated in the dark for 5 min, and then lighted for 4 min prior to DNA extraction and qPCR with specific primers for Escherichia coli and Enterococci, respectively. The results showed that PMA treatment removed more than 99% of DNA from non-viable cells in all the WWTP samples, while matrices in sludge samples markedly reduced the effectiveness of PMA treatment. Compared to qPCR, PMA-qPCR results were similar and highly linearly correlated to those obtained by culture assay, indicating that DNA from non-viable cells present in WWTP samples can be eliminated by PMA treatment, and that PMA-qPCR is a reliable method for detection of viable bacteria in environmental samples. This study demonstrated that PMA-qPCR is a rapid and selective detection method for viable bacteria in WWTP samples, and that WWTPs have an obvious function in removing both viable and non-viable bacteria. The results proved that PMA-qPCR is a promising detection method that has a high potential for application as a complementary method to the standard culture-based method in the future.     

Detection of trisomy 21 by quantitative fluorescent–polymerase chain reaction in uncultured amniocytes

Prenatal diagnosis of fetal trisomy 21 is usually performed by cytogenetic analysis. This requires lengthy laboratory procedures, high costs and is unsuitable for large-scale screening of pregnant women. Today, trisomy 21 can be rapidly diagnosed within 24 h by molecular analysis of uncultured fetal cells using the semi-quantification of fluorescent PCR products from short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphic markers. The aim of our study was to test a chromosome quantification method on the basis of the analysis of fluorescent PCR products derived from non-polymorphic target genes. Co-amplification of a portion of DSCR1 (Down syndrome Critical Region 1) and the reference gene, CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator) enabled molecular detection of trisomy 21. Our method was successfully tested on a total of 154 amniotic fluids in a blind prospective study. Calculation of the DSCR1/CFTR ratio allowed us to distinguish between 152 normal amniotic fluids (mean ratio 0.99) and 2 amniotic fluids presenting a trisomy 21 status (DSCR1/CFTR ratio of 1.53 and 1.61, respectively). The results obtained by conventional cytogenetic analysis and our quantitative PCR method were concordant in every case. Our gene-based fluorescent PCR approach represents an alternative molecular method for rapid and reliable detection of trisomy 21, which can be helpful in the prenatal diagnosis of women at high risk of fetal trisomy 21. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Prenatal diagnosis of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency by PCR of linked polymorphisms: A study of 17 cases

We describe our experiences of prenatal diagnosis of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency using closely linked polymorphisms detected by Southern blotting and the polymerase chain reaction. Prenatal diagnosis was carried out for 17 pregnancies from 15 couples.