Functional relationship between ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea populations in the secondary treatment system of a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant

The abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea and their amoA genes from the aerobic activated sludge tanks, recycled sludge and anaerobic digesters of a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was determined. Polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis were used to generate diversity profiles, which showed that each population had a consistent profile although the abundance of individual members varied. In the aerobic tanks, the ammonia-oxidizing bacterial (AOB) population was more than 350 times more abundant than the ammonia-oxidizing archaeal (AOA) population, however in the digesters, the AOA population was more than 10 times more abundant. Measuring the activity of the amoA gene expression of the two populations using RT-PCR also showed that the AOA amoA gene was more active in the digesters than in the activated sludge tanks. Using batch reactors and ddPCR, amoA activity could be measured and it was found that when the AOB amoA activity was inhibited in the anoxic reactors, the expression of the AOA amoA gene increased fourfold. This suggests that these two populations may have a cooperative relationship for the oxidation of ammonia.     

Horizontal and vertical gene transfer drive sediment antibiotic resistome in an urban lagoon system

Rapid urbanization has resulted in pervasive occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in urban aquatic ecosystems. However, limited information is available concerning the ARG profiles and the forces responsible for their assembly in urban landscape lagoon systems. Here, we employed high-throughput quantitative PCR (HT-qPCR) to characterize the spatial variations of ARGs in surface and core sediments of Yundang Lagoon, China. The results indicated that the average richness and absolute abundance of ARGs were 11 and 53 times higher in the lagoon sediments as compared to pristine reference Tibetan lake sediments, highlighting the role of anthropogenic activities in ARG pollution. Co-occurrence network analysis indicated that various anaerobic prokaryotic genera belonging to Alpha-, Deltaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Euryarchaeota, Firmicutes and Synergistetes were the potential hosts of ARGs. The partial least squares-path modeling (PLS-PM) analysis revealed positive and negative indirect effects of physicochemical factors and heavy metals on the lagoon ARG profiles, via biotic factors, respectively. The horizontal (mediated by mobile genetic elements) and vertical (mediated by prokaryotic communities) gene transfer may directly contribute the most to drive the abundance and composition of ARGs, respectively. Furthermore, the neutral community model demonstrated that the assembly of sediment ARG communities was jointly governed by deterministic and stochastic processes. Overall, this study provides novel insights into the diversity and distribution of ARGs in the benthic habitat of urban lagoon systems and underlying mechanisms for the spread and proliferation of ARGs.     

制药废水厂抗性基因和微生物群落相关性研究

以2座制药废水厂的生物曝气阶段为例,结合Miseq测序分析技术和荧光定量PCR技术研究活性污泥中微生物群落和β-内酰胺类抗性基因的分布特征、扩增情况及其相关性.结果表明：β-内酰胺类抗性基因OXA-1、OXA-2和OXA-10在2个水厂（J厂和K厂）中均能被检出,OXA型基因丰度在K厂中为5.82×10⁵~3.94×10⁷copies/g（干重）,在J厂的丰度范围为4.84×10⁷~1.09×10¹⁰copies/g,3种基因丰度在曝气处理中显著扩增.Miseq测序结果表明：K厂中主要优势菌门为Proteobacteria,Planctomycetes,Bacteroidetes,Chloroflexi和Acidobacteria等,总平均相对丰度比例为82.13%;J厂中主要优势菌门Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Verrucomicrobia,Gemmatimonadetes和Thermi,总平均相对丰度比例为85.76%.冗余分析显示：生物群落中Bdellovibrio、KD8-87和Paracoccus等菌属可能是OXA-1、OXA-2和OXA-10的主要携带菌属;Hyphomicrobium、Thermomonas和Comamonadaceae可能是OXA-1的主要携带菌属,Caldilineaceae、Myxococcales和Pirellulaceae可能是OXA-10的主要携带菌属.     

玉米—大豆轮作体系对黑土土壤固氮菌群落结构及其质量的影响

以大豆连作（CS）、玉米连作（CM）、玉米—大豆轮作（MS）、玉米—玉米—大豆（MMS）和玉米—大豆—大豆（MSS）为研究对象,利用荧光定量PCR和高通量测序分析种植制度对土壤固氮菌丰度和群落结构的影响。结果表明：轮作中土壤有机质（SOM）、全磷（TP）、有效氮（AN）和有效磷（AP）的含量显著高于连作;轮作固氮菌丰度显著高于CM,显著低于CS;MMS与MSS固氮菌多样性显著高于CM;轮作和连作土壤固氮菌群落结构差异明显,全氮（TN）是固氮菌群落结构变化的主要驱动因子,种植制度通过土壤化学性质间接影响固氮菌丰度和多样性。这说明,在吉林省西部半干旱区,MSS与MMS更有利于土壤固氮菌繁殖,可以从微生物学的角度为合理种植和氮素调控提供科学依据。     

MUCT短程硝化和反硝化除磷系统中Candidatus Accu- mulibacter的代谢活性和菌群结构

采用实现亚硝酸型硝化的MUCT工艺处理低C/N实际生活污水,在短程硝化的基础上实现反硝化除磷.研究短程硝化建立与破坏过程中,亚硝酸盐积累率的变化对系统除磷性能及Candidatus Accumulibacter菌群结构的影响.结果表明:MUCT除磷以反硝化除磷为主,平均反硝化除磷率高达88%.磷去除率与亚硝酸盐积累率具有很好的正相关性.短程硝化阶段磷的平均去除率比全程硝化阶段高30%以上,证明了亚硝酸盐更适合作为低C/N比污水反硝化除磷的电子受体.以多聚磷酸盐激酶基因(ppk1)作为遗传标记,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法考察不同亚硝酸盐积累率下Accumulibacter的丰度、各主要进化分支的菌群结构和相对丰度.当系统处于全程硝化状态时,存在少量以硝酸盐为电子受体的Acc-I型反硝化聚磷菌,低于总Accumulibacter的5%;当系统进入短程硝化状态后,Acc-I逐渐消失.运行期间以亚硝酸盐作为电子受体进行反硝化除磷的Acc-IID始终是优势聚磷菌,达到总Accumulibacter的92%以上,甚至接近100%,保证了亚硝酸型反硝化除磷的稳定运行,亚硝酸盐浓度是影响其丰度变化的重要因素.     

温榆河中硝化和反硝化基因的Real-time PCR定量

以温榆河为研究对象,采用real-time PCR研究了温榆河不同断面水样和沉积物样品中TB(总细菌)、硝化和反硝化(nosZ和narG)基因数量的变化. 水样中TB基因数量在丰水期为1.05×109~7.38×1011 copies/L,枯水期为1.06×109~2.69×1012 copies/L;氨氧化细菌(AOB)基因数量在丰水期和枯水期分别为nd(未检出)~4.11×108和nd~1.15×109 copies/L. nosZ和narG基因数量在丰水期分别为nd~2.37×108和3.61×108~1.13×1010 copies/L,枯水期分别为2.0×106~3.04×109和nd~1.39×1010copies/L. 枯水期沉积物样品中TB基因数量为1.35×109~7.32×1010 copies/g,nosZ基因数量为nd~1.06×107 copies/g,narG基因数量为1.99×107~1.02×108 copies/g. 枯水期TB基因数量略高于丰水期,枯水期水样中ρ(NH₄+-N)较高导致其AOB基因数量要远高于丰水期,nosZ和narG基因数量并没有明显的水期变化. 相关分析表明,沉积物样品中微生物基因数量与水样中微生物基因数量不相关,而是水质变化长期作用的结果. 冗余度分析表明,丰水期和枯水期水样中影响微生物基因数量的主要环境因子不同,丰水期微生物基因数量是温度、ρ(COD_Cr)、ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(NO₂--N)、ρ(NO₃--N)等共同作用的结果,而温度和ρ(COD_Cr)对枯水期微生物基因数量影响显著.      

Human serum paraoxonase gene polymorphisms and association with chronic symptoms of pesticide toxicity in Indian farmers

The association between PON1 (serum paraoxonase) genotype and symptoms of pesticide toxicity was examined in a total of 268 farm workers in Andhra Pradesh, India. Approximately 140 of the farm workers who did not report at least two of the symptoms of chronic toxicity, such as abdominal pain, nausea, dizziness, headache, drowsiness, fatigue, tremors of fingers, numbness, or limb weakness were categorized as controls. The remaining 128 farmers showed 2 or more of the above symptoms. All the farm workers were genotyped for polymorphisms of PON1 gene at amino acid positions 55 (exon 3) and 192 (exon 6). A decrease in the percentage of high-activity genotypes at both L55M and Q192R was observed in the farm workers reporting symptoms of pesticide toxicity. When combined genotype distribution at both exons was analyzed, a marked increase in the percentage of low-activity genotypes LLQQ, LMQQ, MMQQ, and MMQR was also observed in symptomatic farmers compared to controls. Age, working years, smoking, duration of exposure, and alcoholism were not statistically significant when compared to symptoms of chronic toxicity. Our findings suggest that L55M and Q192R gene polymorphisms influence the variable susceptibility of farmers to pesticide; and thus may be considered a useful biomarker of genetic susceptibility in assessing an individual's risk of pesticide exposures.     

林木外生菌根真菌彩色豆马勃巢式PCR检测

为探讨林木外生菌根真菌的分子检测方法,利用真菌通用引物ITS1-F/ITS4-B扩增了外生菌根真菌彩色豆马勃的核糖体DNA内转录间隔区并进行了序列测定.通过序列比较,设计了一对彩色豆马勃特异性引物PtF/PtR.利用该对特异性引物与ITS1-F/ITS4-B组合进行巢式PCR,能从供试的彩色豆马勃10个菌株中特异性地扩增出1条347 bp的条带,而供试的其他6个参比菌株未出现扩增产物.经分析,该巢式PCR检测技术的灵敏度可达到10 fg的DNA,是常规PCR检测的1 000倍.利用该技术从马尾松苗木菌根中检测到目的外生菌根真菌.这表明采用本研究设计的特异性引物,利用巢式PCR技术可以灵敏、准确地从林木外生菌根中检测出彩色豆马勃.     

基于WebGIS的重大危险源实时监控系统的设计与实现

对重大危险源进行实时监控为避免重特大事故的发生具有重要意义,首先在研究ArcIMSJava Connector与Ajax开发WebGIS系统的关键技术的基础上,构建了ArcIMS Java Connector、Ajax技术和重大危险源业务逻辑集成的开发方案,设计并开发了重大危险源实时监控系统,并重点阐述了重大危险源实时信息发布功能的技术实现,最终完成了重大危险源实时查询、分析、监视、预警及相关辅助决策等功能,将该系统应用于实际取得了良好的运行效果。     

基于实时控制的电絮凝-气浮处理重金属清淤尾水

针对重金属清淤尾水具有污染物浓度高、水质波动大、沉淀性能差等特点,选取pH值和浊度作为实时监测因子,并借助沉淀模拟和数据拟合等手段,建立了比电流与镉残留量之间的实时控制响应模型.结果表明:铝-电絮凝-气浮兼有中和pH值和改善泥水分离的优点,实现了重金属铅、镉和锌的达标排放;此外实时控制策略节省了35.8%的材料消耗和43.4%的电能消耗以及降低了47.9%的产泥量.