长期不同施肥对暗棕壤甲烷氧化菌群落特征与功能的影响

不同施肥方式对我国旱地农田土壤甲烷氧化影响的微生物机制尚不明确.本研究利用PCR-DGGE和实时荧光定量PCR技术,结合甲烷氧化速率和土壤性质测定,探索了长期不同施肥条件下暗棕壤的"土壤性质-甲烷氧化菌群落特征-土壤甲烷氧化速率"关系.结果表明,有机肥和无机肥配施处理显著降低了土壤甲烷氧化速率,降幅为61.2%,而单独施用有机肥或无机肥对暗棕壤甲烷氧化速率的影响不显著;与对照相比,有机肥处理土壤甲烷氧化菌多样性指数增加91.9%,有机肥和无机肥配施处理增加102.5%,而单施无机肥后土壤甲烷氧化菌多样性指数变化不明显;有机肥处理土壤的pmoA基因丰度显著增加,平均pmoA基因丰度为不施用有机肥的12.7倍;土壤甲烷氧化速率与甲烷氧化菌的群落结构和比活性呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.363和0.684,但与甲烷氧化菌群落丰度和多样性不相关;甲烷氧化菌的群落结构和比活性与土壤pH值、全氮和有机质含量呈显著正相关.上述结果说明,长期不同施肥可以通过改变暗棕壤的pH值、全氮和有机质含量等土壤性质,改变甲烷氧化菌群落结构和比活性,进而影响土壤甲烷氧化速率;有机肥和无机肥配施土壤甲烷氧化菌多样性和丰度大幅度增加,而甲烷氧化速率却显著降低,说明有机肥和无机肥配施土壤中只有部分微生物发挥了甲烷氧化活性,但有待进一步研究.     

Effects of elevated CO2 on dynamics of microcystin-producing and non-microcystin-producing strains during Microcystis blooms

In an attempt to elucidate the effects of different CO₂ concentrations (270, 380, and 750 μL/L) on the competition of microcystin-producing (MC-producing) and non-MC-producing Microcystis strains during dense cyanobacteria blooms, an in situ simulation experimentwas conducted in the Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu in the summer of 2012. The abundance of total Microcystis and MC-producing Microcystis genotypes was quantified based on the 16S rDNA and mcyD gene using real-time PCR. The results showed that atmospheric CO₂ elevation would significantly decrease the pH value and increase the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration. Changes in CO₂ concentration did not show significant influence on the abundance of total Microcystis population. However, CO₂ concentrations may be an important factor in determining the subpopulation structure of Microcystis. The enhancement of CO₂ concentrations could largely increase the competitive ability of non-MC-producing over MC-producing Microcystis, resulting in a higher proportion of non-MC-producing subpopulation in treatments using high CO₂ concentrations. Concurrently, MC concentration in water declined when CO₂ concentrations were elevated. Therefore, we concluded that the increase of CO₂ concentrations might decrease potential health risks of MC for human and animals in the future.     

Achieving and maintaining biological nitrogen removal via nitrite under normal conditions

The principal aim of this paper is to develop an approach to realize stable biological nitrogen removal via nitrite under normal conditions. Validation of the new method was established on laboratory-scale experiments applying the sequencing batch reactor（SBR） activated sludge process to domestic wastewater with low C/N ratio. The addition of sodium chloride（NaCI） to influent was established to achieve nitrite build-up. The high nitrite accumulation, depending on the salinity in influent and the application duration of salt, was obtained in SBRs treating saline wastewater. The maintenance results indicated that the real-time SBRs can maintain stable nitrite accumulation, but conversion from shorter nitrification-denitrification to full nitrification-denitrification was observed after some operation cycles in the other SBR with fixed-time control. The presented method is valuable to offer a solution to realize and to maintain nitrogen removal via nitrite under normal conditions.     

中国田鼠卵巢细胞自发和亚硫酸氢钠诱发突变的gpt基因分子分析

采用标准的突变细胞克隆技术、PCR及DNA序列分析方法研究了二氧化硫在体内的衍生物—亚硫酸氢钠对CHO－AS52细胞gpt基因的致突变作用。实验结果表明,高浓度的亚硫酸氢钠能诱发该基因发生突变,且其突变频率随该化学物浓度的增加而增高。PCR分析指出,在CHO－AS52细胞自发的、5mmol/L和10mmol/L亚硫酸氢钠诱发的突变体中,gpt基因完全缺失者所占比率分别为36.00％、44.00％及65.00％。对10mmol/L亚硫酸氢钠诱发的非缺失型gpt基因突变的PCR产物直接进行DNA序列分析表明,在5个突变细胞克隆中,有1个发生基因的碱基置换型和移码型突变,其余4个突变细胞克隆的gpt基因结构未发现改变,其碱基的改变可能发生在基因启动子区。     

Intercross real-time control strategy in alternating activated sludge process for short-cut biological nitrogen removal treating domestic wastewater

To develop technically feasible and economically favorable dynamic process control(DPC)strategies for an alternating activated sludge(AAS)system,a bench-scale continuous-flow alternating aerobic and anoxic reactor,performing short-cut nitrogen removal from real domestic wastewater was operated under different control strategies for more than five months.A fixed-time control(FTC) study showed that bending-points on pH and oxidation-reduction potential(ORP)profiles accurately coincided with the major biolo...     

一株Diaphorobacter属细菌对苯酚的降解特性和代谢途径

Diaphorobacter sp.ZW12菌株具有较高的苯酚耐受性和降解能力,通过摇瓶培养在以苯酚为唯一碳源的基本培养基中考察该菌株对苯酚的耐受性和苯酚降解特性。结果表明,该菌株能在苯酚浓度为4.0g/L的培养基中生长,完全降解苯酚的最高浓度可达3.0g/L。其最适生长pH、生长温度和代谢温度分别是pH7.0、33℃和30℃。利用苯酚羟化酶基因(Lph)、邻苯二酚-1,2-加氧酶基因(C12O)和邻苯二酚-2,3-加氧酶基因(C23O)特异性引物对ZW12总DNA进行PCR扩增,结果Lph基因和C23O基因PCR扩增阳性、C12O基因扩增呈阴性,表明ZW12对苯酚的代谢是通过C23O途径进行的。     

基于DO和ORP一阶导数的短程硝化SBR实时控制研究

以序批式生物反应器(Sequencing Batch Reactor,SBR)为基础,研究了短程硝化SBR启动过程中在线监测信号(溶解氧(DO)和氧化还原电位(ORP))的变化规律,考察了不同进水氨氮负荷下DO和ORP一阶导数的变化特征,并对SBR中不同阶段的微生物群落结构进行了对比分析.结果表明,在特定的运行条件下(29～30℃,初始pH8.2,SRT=14),避免硝化阶段的过度曝气,可在第6 d实现短程硝化-反硝化SBR的快速启动.SBR对氨氮去除率维持在97%以上,亚硝化率(NAR)可长期稳定在98%以上.对SBR运行过程中的DO和ORP进行了长期监测,并对它们的一阶导数进行实时计算,结果发现,在短程硝化终点和反硝化终点处,DO与ORP的一阶导数均出现了极值,并且在不同进水氨氮负荷下,极值基本维持稳定.微生物群落分析结果表明,全程硝化阶段的污泥中同时含有氨氧化菌(AOB)和亚硝酸氧化菌(NOB),短程硝化污泥中几乎不含NOB.研究表明,利用DO和ORP的一阶导数极值作为控制参数是稳定可行的,对实现短程硝化SBR工艺的实时控制具有潜在的研究和应用价值.     

NO-3和NO-2作为电子受体时的反硝化除磷实时控制

采用SBR厌氧/缺氧运行方式,研究了NO^-₃和NO^-₂作为电子受体时的反硝化除磷效能及ORP与pH作为反硝化除磷过程控制参数的可行性.结果表明,反硝化除磷过程中COD、磷酸盐、电子受体浓度与体系pH和ORP的变化具有较强的相关性.在厌氧阶段,当释磷结束时,pH值平台的出现指示了释磷的结束;在缺氧阶段,吸磷结束后,ORP出现拐点,标志着缺氧吸磷的完成.另外,考察了2种电子受体（NO^-₃和NO^-₂）反硝化除磷的效能.在以NO^-₃为电子受体的反应中,在缺氧初期30 min反应中,平均摄磷速率为32.68 mg/(L·h),每吸收1 mg PO^3-₄-Ｐ 约消耗1.14 mg NO^-₃-Ｎ.在以NO^-₂为电子受体的反应中,在缺氧初期30 min反应中,平均摄磷速率为17.66 mg/(L·h),每吸收1 mg PO^3-₄-Ｐ 约消耗1.57 mg NO^-₂-Ｎ.综上,提出pH和ORP可以作为2种电子受体（NO^-₃和NO^-₂）反硝化除磷的实时控制参数,并且,以NO^-₃为电子受体系统在摄磷方面优于NO^-₂电子受体系统.     

聚合酶链式反应(PCR)用于检测环境水体指示菌的研究

对聚合酶链式反应（ｐｏｌｙｍｅｒａｓｅ ｃｈａｉｎ ｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎ，ＰＣＲ）快速检测水体指示菌－大肠菌群（ｔｏｔａｌ ｃｏｌｉｆｏｒｍ）和大肠杆菌（Ｅｓｃｈｅｒｉｃｈｉａ ｃｏｌｉ）进行了研究。采用的两对引物分别扩增了ＬａｃＺ基因的约２６０ｂｐ和ＵｄｉＡ基因的约１５０ｂｐＤＮＡ片段。引物Ⅰ和引物Ⅱ最低能分别扩增１０＾－６μｇ或１０＾－８μｇ基因组ＤＮＡ。整个检测工作在采集水样后５－６ｈ内完成。与     

Effects of fungicides triadimefon and propiconazole on soil bacterial communities

The impact of fungicides triadimefon and propiconazole on soil bacterial populations from a strawberry field was investigated. Two fungicides were applied to the soil at concentrations of 10 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg with soil water contents 20.2% (fresh soil water content) or 26.0% (field capacity). Changes in bacterial communities were assessed using DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the 16S rDNA and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was utilized to detect the residue of fungicides in soils. The results showed that propiconazole was more persistent than triadimefon in soils, and the two soil water contents did not cause significant differences in dissipation rates between the two fungicides. A high concentration of propiconazole could inhibit the existence of soil microbes while one of triadimefon might induce the microbial population in the first stage. From unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) dendrograms, the effect of triadimefon and propiconazole at the two applied concentrations on a soil bacterial community could be long term. After triadimefon was applied for 60 days and propiconazole for 75 days, the compositions of microbial communities were not recovered. From the viewpoint of environmental protection, it was of significant importance to pay more attention not only to the residues of pesticide but also to the change in soil microbial communities.