渤海湾天津沿岸海水中甲肝病毒的检测和定量

甲肝病毒（hepatitis A virus, HAV）是能引起传染性甲型肝炎的单链RNA病毒.用常规RT-PCR（反转录PCR）和SYBR Green实时定量RT-PCR方法,根据甲肝病毒保守的VP1-VP2基因序列设计引物,对渤海湾天津沿岸海水中的甲肝病毒进行了检测和定量分析. 9个样品取自渤海湾天津塘沽以南沿岸海水,取样时间分别是2007年夏、秋、冬季和2008年春季. 海水样品先用小型超滤装置（Millipore Pellicon Mini TFF）或超滤离心管（Millipore Centricon Plus-70）浓缩,然后进行RT-PCR检测.结果表明,从9个海水样品中都能扩增出192 bp的HAV cDNA,这些cDNA的核苷酸序列与GenBank中的同源序列相似性为95%～100%. 用SYBR Green 实时定量RT-PCR检测了春季和冬季的6个海水样品,结果表明,海水中甲肝病毒的浓度范围为5.35×10⁶～4.51×10⁷ virus particles/L.     

坡位与土层对喀斯特原生林土壤微生物生物量与丰度的影响

运用氯仿熏蒸法和实时荧光定量PCR(Real-time PCR)法,检测喀斯特峰丛洼地原生林上、中、下坡位各土层(淋溶层:A层0~10 cm;过渡层:AB层30~50 cm;淀积层:B层70~100 cm)中土壤微生物生物量碳、氮(SMBC、SMBN)及微生物(细菌和真菌)丰度的变化,揭示坡位和土层对土壤微生物生物量和丰度的影响.结果表明,坡位和土层及其交互作用均对土壤微生物生物量及丰度具有显著影响(P0.05).具体表现为,土壤微生物生物量与丰度均随土层深度的增加而降低;A层SMBC在下坡位表现最高,均高于上坡位(P0.05),AB层、B层SMBC在中坡位最高;SMBN均在下坡位表现为最高,显著高于上坡位(P0.05);除B层细菌丰度、AB层真菌丰度在各坡位间无显著差异外,均表现为中坡位最高(P0.05).逐步回归分析结果表明,在坡位和土层的影响下,有机碳、碱解氮与p H、碱解氮与速效磷、速效钾分别是SMBC、SMBN、细菌丰度、真菌丰度的主要影响因子.     

武汉冬季大气PM2.5小时分辨率源贡献识别及潜在影响域分析

冬季是我国大气细颗粒物(PM_2.5)污染较为严重的时段,武汉市PM_2.5受到明显的区域传输影响.本研究基于小时分辨率PM_2.5组分观测数据,采用受体模型,解析武汉冬季大气PM_2.5各类源的实时贡献.结合轨迹聚类和浓度权重,识别影响各类源的传输路径和潜在源区.武汉冬季大气平均ρ(PM_2.5)为（75.1±29.2）μg·m^-3.观测期间共有两次污染过程,第一次污染过程主要受西北方向气团影响,水溶性离子升高是PM_2.5呈现高值的主要原因,ρ（NH⁺₄）、ρ（NO^-₃）和ρ（SO■）分别是清洁时段的1.6、 1.7和2.1倍;第二次污染过程则以正东方向气团为主,二次有机组分有明显的生成.对武汉冬季大气PM_2.5贡献最大的是二次源（34.1%）,其次是机动车尾气（23.7%）、燃煤（11.5%）、道路尘（10.9%）、钢铁冶炼（8.7...     

国内外环境空气质量指数分析和比较

通过资料调研,对中国、美国、英国、中国香港等国家和地区的空气质量指数（AQI）进行了对比研究,以便考查中外AQI间的差异。结果表明：①国内外AQI的指标项目及取值时间、分级方案等主要依据各自的环境空气质量标准而制定,并随着环境空气质量标准的修订而不断更新。②在指标项目方面,各国AQI指数逐渐增加PM_2.5指标且更加注重气体污染物急性效应的评价;中国AQI指数在API指数基础上进行了全面的扩充,在指标数量方面是世界上最多的。在分级方案方面,中国分级浓度限值主要参考美国和中国香港而制定,且大部分指标的分级浓度限值均与国际衔接,但中国SO₂-1 h平均和PM_2.5-24 h平均两个指标在AQI<200时的低浓度区间的评价结果偏宽松。③与国外相比,中国AQI实时报中颗粒物和臭氧的滑动平均时段具有一定的滞后性。建议中国开展颗粒物健康风险评价相关研究,改进AQI实时报的统计方法,并尽快开展AQI预报工作。     

基于LabVIEW的微震实时监测系统

基于LabVIEW软件平台,利用虚拟仪器优势,自主研发了一套用于矿山的微震实时监测系统.介绍了该系统的功能和用途.一段时间现场监测的结果表明,该系统能很好地完成微震实时监测,分析并精确定位微震事件的时间与空间.     

One-year survey of opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens and free-living amoebae in the tap-water of one northern city of China

In this study, qPCR was used to quantify opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens (OPPPs) and free-living amoebae in 11 tap water samples collected over four seasons from a city in northern China. Results demonstrated that the average numbers of gene copies of Legionella spp. and Mycobacterium spp. were significantly higher than those of Aeromonas spp. (p?<?0.05). Legionella spp. and Mycobacterium spp. were 100% (44/44) positively detected while P. aeruginosa and Aeromonas spp. were 79.54% (35/44) and 77.27% (34/44) positively detected. Legionella pneumophila was only detected in 4 samples (4/44), demonstrating its occasional occurrence. No Mycobacterium avium or Naegleria fowleri was detected in any of the samples. The average gene copy numbers of target OPPPs were the highest in summer, suggesting seasonal prevalence of OPPPs. Average gene copy numbers of OPPPs in the taps of low-use-frequency were higher than in taps of high-use-frequency, but the difference was not significant for some OPPPs (p?>?0.05). Moderate negative correlations between the chlorine concentration and the gene copy numbers of OPPPs were observed by Spearman analysis (r_s ranged from ? 0.311 to ? 0.710, p?<?0.05). However, no significant correlations existed between OPPPs and AOC, BDOC, or turbidity. Moderate positive correlations were observed between the target microorganisms, especially for Acanthamoeba spp., through Spearman analysis (p?<?0.05). Based on our studies, it is proposed that disinfectant concentration, season, taps with different-use frequency, OPPP species, and potential microbial correlations should be considered for control of OPPPs in tap water.     

Fetal toxoplasmosis and negative amniocentesis: necessity of an ultrasound follow-up

Prenatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis relies on the PCR test on amniotic fluid and ultrasound follow-up of the fetus. We report two cases of toxoplasma infection during the first trimester of gestation with a discrepant diagnosis of fetal infection. PCR performed more than four weeks after the estimated date of contamination was negative. Ultrasound follow-up was normal up to the third trimester when major hydrocephalus was detected, leading to pregnancy termination. In both cases, post-mortem examination revealed a diffuse infection with severe brain lesions. These observations confirm the necessity to continue a monthly ultrasound follow-up, even if amniocentesis is negative, in case of fetal toxoplasma infection in pregnancy. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.