紫外线和次氯酸钠对Escherichia coli和Poliovirus的消毒作用

本研究选用大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和脊髓灰质炎病毒(poliovirus)分别作为典型的细菌和病毒,利用培养和定量PCR的检测技术,对比研究紫外线消毒和次氯酸钠消毒对细菌和病毒的作用特点.结果表明:脊髓灰质炎病毒比大肠杆菌更难被灭活,达到1-log所需的氯剂量分别为19.2 mg·L~(-1)·min和10.14 mg·L~(-1)·min;所需的紫外线剂量分别为6.37 m J·cm~(-2)和1.81 m J·cm~(-2).定量PCR方法检测大肠杆菌和脊髓灰质炎病毒达到1-log的核酸损伤所需的紫外线剂量和氯剂量要比培养法高出1~2数量级,紫外线消毒对脊髓灰质炎病毒的RNA损伤量明显大于对大肠杆菌的DNA损伤,病毒的单链RNA对紫外线的敏感性更强,该结果与培养法正好相反.达到1-log核酸损伤脊髓灰质炎病毒所需的紫外线剂量为135 m J·cm~(-2),大肠杆菌所需的剂量为270.3 m J·cm~(-2),核酸损伤需要更多的消毒剂量,可能由于消毒过程微生物进入活性但处于非可培养状态(VBNC),以及灭活对微生物其他分子的损伤和微生物死后核酸的持续性.     

垃圾填埋场抗生素抗性基因初探

不同环境介质中抗生素抗性基因普遍存在,但是在垃圾填埋场中抗生素抗性基因尚无相关报道.本实验以西安江村沟垃圾填埋场为研究对象,采集不同方位不同深度垃圾样品,分析垃圾理化性质,用荧光定量PCR检测磺胺类抗生素抗性基因(sulⅠ和sulⅡ)、抗氯霉素类抗生素抗性基因(cat)、β-内酰胺类抗生素抗性基因(bla-SHV),以及四环素类抗生素抗性基因(tet W)等5种抗生素抗性基因的含量,以相关性分析垃圾理化性质与抗性基因的关联.结果表明,5种抗生素抗性基因均存在于垃圾中,基因拷贝数(以干土计)最大值分别为:(3.70±0.06)×108copies·g-1(sulⅡ)、(9.33±0.06)×106copies·g-1(sulⅠ)、(2.27±0.08)×105copies·g-1(tet W)、(3.68±0.09)×104copies·g-1(bla-SHV)和(1.39±0.10)×104copies·g-1(cat),说明垃圾填埋场是抗生素抗性基因潜在的储存库.抗性基因sulⅠ、sulⅡ和cat与含水率呈明显的正相关,同时sulⅠ和cat基因含量与p H值呈负相关.     

纤维载体的生物膜CANON反应器的启动特性

为研究纤维载体在CANON工艺中的运行特性,同时接种亚硝化污泥及厌氧氨氧化污泥启动CANON反应器.结果表明经过85 d运行,成功启动了CANON反应器,NRR从0.09 kg·(m3·d)-1提升至0.9 kg·(m3·d)-1并能稳定运行,说明纤维载体有利于富集污泥,反应器内能维持较高的生物量.随着微生物的富集生长,生物膜变厚,反应器的能力提升,反应器中DO达到5 mg·L-1.利用微电极测得生物膜由表及里的DO梯度为0.32~0 mg·L-1,说明生物膜变厚,氧对生物膜的穿透力减弱,亚硝化微生物量降低.荧光定量PCR结果表明,启动前后NOB菌数量维持在较低水平,AOB菌的丰度增长不大,ANAMMOX菌细胞增长了一个数量级.     

城市地表水中肠道病原微生物与粪便污染指示菌的关系研究

本研究选择肠道病毒、伤寒沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌作为城市水体中典型的肠道病原微生物,分别建立起相应的实时荧光定量PCR检测方法.对水源水、景观娱乐用水以及城市河流样品进行长期监测,考察典型肠道病原微生物的分布特征和变化规律.肠道病毒在各地表水体中都有检出,浓度大都在103copy·L-1以下.大肠埃希氏菌的含量在保护良好的水体和接纳城市污水的水体中有明显差别,而伤寒沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌通常出现在受粪便污染较重的水体中.统计学的分析结果显示各种水体中的肠道病原微生物检出浓度均符合对数正态分布规律.粪便污染指示菌与肠道病毒之间不存在显著的相关性,但却能在一定程度上反映典型肠道病原菌的存在情况.在大肠菌群或粪大肠菌群浓度为104CFU·L-1以上的样品中,伤寒沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌具有较高的阳性率.     

Verification of Bacteroidales 16S rRNA markers as a complementary tool for detecting swine fecal pollution in the Yangtze Delta

To correctly assess and properly manage the public health risks associated with exposure to contaminated water, it is necessary to identify the source of fecal pollution in a watershed. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of our two previously developed real time-quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays for the detection of swine-associated Bacteroidales genetic markers (gene 1–38, gene 3–53) in the Yangtze Delta watershed of southeastern China. The results indicated that the gene 1–38 and 3-53 markers exhibited high accuracy (92.5%, 91.7% conditional probability, respectively) in detecting Bacteroidales spp. in water samples. According to binary logistic regression (BLR), these two swine-associated markers were well correlated (P < 0.05) with fecal indicators (Escherichia coli and Enterococci spp.) and zoonotic pathogens (E. coli O157: H7, Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp.) in water samples. In contrast, concentrations of conventional fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) were not correlated with zoonotic pathogens, suggesting that they are noneffective at detecting fecal pollution events. Collectively, the results obtained in this study demonstrated that a swine-targeted qPCR assay based on two Bacteroidales genes markers (gene 1–38, gene 3–53) could be a useful tool in determining the swine-associated impacts of fecal contamination in a watershed.     

中华鳖的性别决定机制

设置了6种温度条件,对中华鳖卵进行了人工孵化,以探讨其性别决定机制。结果显示,温度条件能够影响子代性比（♂/[♂ ♀]),在24℃、27℃、31℃33℃、和35℃孵育条件下,子代性比出现明显偏差（P＜0.01）;在29℃条件下雌雄比例相近（P＜0.05）,为证实孵化的结果,还对中华鳖的染色体G－带型和精母细胞联会复合体进行了分析,没有发现有异型性染色体的分化;PCR扩增Sox基因,亦未见有雌、雄个体的差异,本研究结果认为,中华鳖的性别决定属于温度依赖型（TSD）机制。     

表达Xa21基因匠转基因水稻研究

对Xa21在转基因水稻新汕B后代R1、R2群体的的遗传方式及稳定性进行初步分析,特异PCR分析从分子水平表明Xa21基因已稳定遗传至R1代,自交R1代的抗感带型分离比为3：1,揭示出Xa21基因在转基因水稻中按孟德尔方式遗传,Hyg培养基发芽和田间接菌鉴定显示,Xa21转基因水稻对Hyg和白叶枯病的抗性多数在后代中出现3：1的分离,对白叶枯病的的抗病性呈连续分布,能传递到较高世代,并且能在R2代获得纯合株系。图3表3参12     

城市污水强化生物除磷工艺中除磷菌种群结构分析

采用PCR-DGGE等分子生物学技术。从平行AN／AO工艺六个反应池的活性污泥样品中提取总DNA,采用套式PCR（nested PCR）进行两轮PCR扩增。对α-Proteobaeteria、β-Proteobacteria的16S rDNA片段进行DGGE（变性梯度凝胶电泳）分离,从而分析活性污泥样品中该类除磷菌的种群结构。结合测序技术并通过NCBI（美国国立生物技术信息中心）基因库比对,证实生物除磷过程中存在着丰富的α-Proteobacteria、β-Proteobacteria,同时可以得到其中优势类群的初步认识。结果表明,PCR-DGGE结舍测序技术可以用于污水处理过程中样品的除磷菌群落结构分析。     

PLS and PCR Methods in the Assessment of Coastal Water Quality

Partial least squares regression analysis (PLS) and principal component regression analysis (PCR) were examined asmethodological procedures for assessing the quality of coastalwaters in a tourist area. Four variables related to the trophicstate of waters, namely nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and phosphate were analyzed. The models resulting from PLS and PCR were verysimilar. Both defined three groups of water masses characterizedby different nutrient loadings. These groups were in accordancewith those obtained by numerical classification. The PLS methodwas selected as the optimal model, on the basis of its lowerprediction errors (lower Press and Rmsd values). For managementpurposes, this statistical model allows mesotrophic conditions,reflecting some nutrient enrichment over background conditions,to be characterized and the successful diagnosis of additionalsamples within this context.     

The Seasonal Variation of the Concentrations of Ozone, Sulfur Dioxide, and Nitrogen Oxides in Two Nigerian Cities

A combination of multivariate statistical methods including factor analysis, principal component analysis, principal component regression, and multiple linear regression (MLR) were employed to evaluate the influence of seasons on the concentrations of ozone, sulfur (IV) oxide, and oxides of nitrogen in ambient air of Nigerian cities of Lagos and Ilorin. The former city is located in the coastal area, and it is highly congested with a high intensity of marine, vehicular, and industrial activities, and the latter city is a medium size town, located in the central guinea savannah zone of Nigeria. Samples were collected using a high-volume sampler from near the ground at various sites of diverse human and industrial activities, during wet and dry seasons from 2003 to 2006. The PCA reveals three distinct groupings during the day for all data, which is a reflection of different factors contributing to the atmospheric chemistry of these cities. The predicted ozone concentration values by MLR agree fairly well with the measured data. The dependence of ozone on meteorological parameters including relative humidity, air temperature, and sun exposure and the precursor pollutants depends on weather and the anthropogenic activities. The results for the two cities indicate that reduction in the level of NO₂ is accompanied by an increase in the level of ozone, suggesting the interconversion between the two via photochemical activity.