中国农业温室气体减排潜力及其政策意涵

通过农业温室气体减排GTAP-E模型及其数据库构建,模拟了中国农业温室气体减排潜力及其政策意涵,其结论为：农业温室气体减排5%,我国GDP将降低0.059%,社会福利将提高11.6亿美元;水稻的价格上升22.08%,其他农作物价格上升2.9%;牛羊类的价格上升163.43%,猪禽类的价格上升0.57%,其他畜产品价格下降0.98%。农业温室气体减排5%降低了我国农产品在国际市场上的竞争力,使得农产品的出口大大下降,但是却提高了其他部门的出口,导致我国净出口增加了45.5亿美元,农业征收排放税的税收收入为223.11亿美元。     

石家庄城市近地表降尘重金属污染及潜在生态危害评价

以2007年6月采集的石家庄城市近地表降尘为对象,采用Hakanson提出的潜在生态危害指数法对石家庄城市近地表降尘中重金属污染及潜在生态危害进行评价.结果表明,石家庄城市近地表降尘中重金属元素含量变化均较大,Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb等属于强变异元素,重金属元素在近地表降尘中积累已达到严重程度;各重金属元素中...     

我国中亚热带人工林水热通量对干旱差异响应的模拟研究

季节性干旱现象在我国中亚热带地区时有发生,为了研究该区域大气-生态系统之间的相互作用关系及其碳水收支状况,2002年起在江西省千烟洲(26.7°N,115.1°E)人工林生态系统建立了通量观测塔。2003年7月该人工林生态系统遭遇了历史上少有的高温少雨天气,本研究应用基于生理生态学过程的EALCO(Ecological Assimilation of Land and Climate Observation)模型及2003和2004年通量观测数据对该生态系统的水热通量进行了模拟,同时分析了干旱胁迫对它们产生的影响。结果显示,模型能够很好的模拟该生态系统的能量通量的日变化,净辐射、显热和潜热通量模拟值与实测值相关系数的平方(R2)及标准差分别为0.99和8.05 W.m-2;0.81和41.02 W.m-2;0.90和31.49 W.m-2,模型可以解释87%的日蒸散量的变化。从模拟结果看,2003年7月下旬(发生较严重干旱胁迫)较2004年同期(干旱程度轻)相比,冠层及土壤水势下降约2倍,植物蒸腾的日变化形式改变,根系吸水滞后冠层蒸腾的时间缩短约半小时,冠层导度下降40%～60%。模拟与观测结果均表明,200...     

黄土高原陆地表层最大可能蒸散量的变化特征

基于黄土高原1961—2008年月平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、相对湿度、降水量、风速和日照百分率等气候要素资料,应用修订的Penman-Monteith（P-M）模型计算了最大可能蒸散量,分析其时空分布、异常分布特征和次区域时间演变特征。结果表明：1961—2008年间,黄土高原最大可能蒸散量多年平均在400~800 mm之间,大部分区域650~750 mm之间。一致性异常分布是黄土高原最大可能蒸散量的最主要空间模态。黄土高原最大可能蒸散量的异常空间分布可分为以下3个关键区：高原西北部区、高原东北部区和高原东南部区。高原西北部区域最大可能蒸散量呈显著增加趋势,且发生了突变现象;高原东北部区域最大可能蒸散量呈显著下降的趋势,也发生了突变;而高原东南部区域下降趋势不显著,未发生突变。黄土高原最大可能蒸散量的3个空间分区中,3 a的周期振荡表现得比较显著。     

驯化矿化垃圾CH4氧化速率和N2O释放研究

利用畜禽废水驯化矿化垃圾,并将其与原生矿化垃圾和粘土对比,分析了土壤理化性质、含水率、温度等对CH4氧化能力和N2O释放的影响.研究表明:驯化矿化垃圾对CH4的氧化能力(15.48 μmol·g-·h-1)明显高于原生矿化垃圾和所选粘土土样;材料的粒径尺寸、有机质、氨氮硝化率及硝态氮生成率均与CH4氧化能力有着显著的正相关性;驯化矿化垃圾在加入蒸馏水后释放大量的N2O,产生N2O的量是原生矿化垃圾的2倍,并且比粘土高一个数量级.由于驯化矿化垃圾对环境的适应能力强,CH4氧化能力高,进而能够减少温室气体排放,可作为一种较为理想的填埋场覆土材料.     

天水市大气降尘组成特征及表面电性模拟研究

对甘肃省天水市麦积镇大气降尘粒度分布及主要矿物组成进行了分析,并以实际降尘ζ电位作为参照,根据降尘中主要矿物组成的质量百分比,提出了计算法和混合法两种模拟大气降尘在水溶液中表面电性的方法.结果表明,麦积地区大气降尘属于可吸入颗粒粒度尺寸范畴,其主要矿物组成与质量含量为：石英（57.08%）、方解石（27.79%）、钠长石（10.29%）、白云母（4.84%）. 大气降尘在纯水中呈电负性,且ζ电位随着水溶液pH增加而减小.通过对比实际降尘与拟合方法所得到的ζ电位,发现两种拟合方式与实际降尘的ζ电位具有相似的变化趋势.降尘中矿物组成主导着降尘表面电位的大小和变化趋势,其对降尘表面电位的贡献率是最主要的.     

Methane emissions from rice fields under continuous straw return in the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River

A three-year experiment was conducted in the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China to study the influence of continuous wheat straw return during the rice season and continuous rice straw return in wheat on methane (CH 4 ) emissions from rice fields in which, the rice-wheat rotation system is the most dominant planting pattern. The field experiment was initiated in October 2009 and has continued since the wheat-growing season of that year. The analyses for the present study were conducted in the second (2011) and third (2012) rice growing seasons. Four treatments, namely, the continuous return of wheat straw and rice straw in every season (WR), of rice straw but no wheat straw return (R), of wheat straw but no rice straw return (W) and a control with no straw return (CK), were laid out in a randomized split-plot design. The total seasonal CH 4 emissions ranged from 107.4 to 491.7 kg/ha (2011) and 160.3 to 909.6 kg/ha (2012). The increase in CH 4 emissions for treatments WR and W were 289% and 230% in the second year and 185% and 225% in the third year, respectively, in relation to CK. We observed less methane emissions in the treatment R than in CK by 14%-43%, but not statistically significant. Treatment R could increase rice productivity while no more CH 4 emission occurs. The difference in the total CH 4 emissions mainly related to a difference in the methane flux rate during the first 30-35 days after transplant in the rice growing season, which was caused by the amount of dissolved oxygen in paddy water and the amount of reducible soil materials.     

Advanced oxidation of bromide-containing drinking water：A balance between bromate and trihalomethane formation control

Addition of H2O2 has been employed to repress bromate formation during ozonation of bromide-containing source water. However, the addition of H2O2 will change the oxidation pathways of organic compounds due to the generation of abundant hydroxyl radicals, which could affect the removal efficacy of trihalomethane precursors via the combination of ozone and biological activated carbon （O3-BAC）. In this study, we evaluated the effects of H2O2 addition on bromate formation and trihalomethane formation potential （THMFP） reduction during treatment of bromide-containing （97.6-129.1 μg/L） source water by the O3-BAC process. At an ozone dose of 4.2 mg/L, an H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio of over 1.0 was required to maintain the bromate concentration below 10.0 μg/L, while a much lower H2O2/O3 ratio was sufficient for a lower ozone dose. An H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio below 0.3 should be avoided since the bromate concentration will increase with increasing H2O2 dose below this ratio. However, the addition of H2O2 at an ozone dose of 3.2 mg/L and an H2O2/O3 ratio of 1.0 resulted in a 43% decrease in THMFP removal when compared with the O3-BAC process. The optimum H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio for balancing bromate and trihalomethane control was about 0.7-1.0. Fractionation of organic materials showed that the addition of H2O2 decreased the removal efficacy of the hydrophilic matter fraction of DOC by ozonation and increased the reactivity of the hydrophobic fractions during formation of trihalomethane, which may be the two main reasons responsible for the decrease in THMFP reduction efficacy. Overall, this study clearly demonstrated that it is necessary to balance bromate reduction and THMFP control when adopting an H2O2 addition strategy.     

长江流域水质型缺水态势及节水思路初探

水质型缺水是长江流域的主要缺水类型之一。通过研究认为，长江流域以河流、湖泊和水库为水源的水质型缺水主要是由于污水排放引起，以地下水为水源的水质型缺水主要是农药、化肥其残留物、各种垃圾废弃物的渗滤液、以及海水和苦咸水侵入造成，因此，水质型缺水地区节水的实质是保护现有水资源，防止水污染。通过对长江流域水质型缺水地区农业、工业和生活节水存在问题以及节水难点的分析，认为，长江流域水质型缺水地区农业节水潜力巨大，工业节水和生活节水仍有较大的节水空间，农业节水可从提高灌溉水利用系数、推广节水灌溉面积取得突破成果，工业节水可从工业技术改造和技术更新、分质供水及中水利用取得突破成果，生活节水可从降低管网漏失率和大力推广节水器具取得突破性成果。     

Determination of groundwater potential in obiaruku and environs using surface geoelectric sounding

The interpretation of ten resistivity curves in Obiaruku and environs indicates that the area has a great groundwater potential. Correlation of the curves with the lithologic log from a nearby borehole in Ghana quarters, reveals the lithologic succession as an extensive sandy unit between the range of 20 m and 136 m. The medium grained sand unit, which is the aquiferous zone, has a resistivity range of between 300 Ω m and 600 Ω m. The result of the interpreted data and the lithologic log from the borehole indicates three to five geoelectric layers except at Adonishaka, which has a confined aquifer in the third layer and Umukwata that has a confined aquifer in the second layer, the study area generally has an unconfined aquifer, which is in the second layer. In the event of pollution, the groundwater may be contaminated. Sinking of water borehole is not recommended in these areas. Boreholes for potable water are therefore recommended at locations within Adonishaka and Umukwata areas. The present study acts as a guide for future groundwater exploration and exploitation.