Operational Evapotranspiration Mapping Using Remote Sensing and Weather Datasets: A New Parameterization for the SSEB Approach

The increasing availability of multi‐scale remotely sensed data and global weather datasets is allowing the estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) at multiple scales. We present a simple but robust method that uses remotely sensed thermal data and model‐assimilated weather fields to produce ET for the contiguous United States (CONUS) at monthly and seasonal time scales. The method is based on the Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) model, which is now parameterized for operational applications, renamed as SSEBop. The innovative aspect of the SSEBop is that it uses predefined boundary conditions that are unique to each pixel for the “hot” and “cold” reference conditions. The SSEBop model was used for computing ET for 12 years (2000‐2011) using the MODIS and Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) data streams. SSEBop ET results compared reasonably well with monthly eddy covariance ET data explaining 64% of the observed variability across diverse ecosystems in the CONUS during 2005. Twelve annual ET anomalies (2000‐2011) depicted the spatial extent and severity of the commonly known drought years in the CONUS. More research is required to improve the representation of the predefined boundary conditions in complex terrain at small spatial scales. SSEBop model was found to be a promising approach to conduct water use studies in the CONUS, with a similar opportunity in other parts of the world. The approach can also be applied with other thermal sensors such as Landsat.     

Managing Forests for Increased Regional Water Yield in the Southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain

With growing populations fueling increased groundwater abstraction and forecasts of greater water scarcity in the southeastern United States, identifying land management strategies that enhance water availability will be vital to maintaining hydrologic resources and protecting natural systems. Management of forested uplands for lower basal area, currently a priority for habitat improvement on public lands, may also increase water yield through decreased evapotranspiration (ET). To explore this hypothesis, we synthesized studies of precipitation and ET in coastal plain pine stands to develop a statistical model of water yield as a function of management strategy, stand structure, and ecosystem water use. This model allowed us to estimate changes in water yield in response to varying management strategies across spatial scales from the individual stand to a regional watershed. Results suggest that slash pine stands managed at lower basal areas can have up to 64% more cumulative water yield over a 25‐year rotation compared to systems managed for high‐density timber production, with the greatest increases in stands also managed for recurrent understory fire. Although there are important uncertainties in the magnitude of additional water yield and its final destination (i.e., surface water bodies vs. groundwater), this analysis highlights the potential for management activities on public and private timber lands to partially offset increasing demand on surface and groundwater resources.     

科技期刊中参考文献的作用及规范

参考文献是作者撰写论文或论著时所引用的有关期刊论文和图书资料。参考文献记录了科学的渊源,反映了某一课题的来龙去脉,体现了科学研究的继往开来,也显示了论文的起点、深度和广度。通过引用参考文献,可以将一篇论文与其他论文之间的有机联系告诉读者,便于相关人员开拓视野,交流经验,互通信息,共享成果,正确引用参考文献也是作者对他人劳动的尊重和对知识产权的维护。     

美国水务管理经验分析与借鉴

对美国水务管理体制模式、运行机制及特点进行分析,为我国的水务管理及水资源合理开发利用提供思路与借鉴。     

垃圾填埋场生态覆盖系统研究

为了探索生态覆盖系统的合理设计,利用非压实覆盖土层储蓄降水、依靠植物的蒸腾和土壤蒸发消耗土壤水从而控制渗沥污染,在武汉大学灌溉排水与水环境综合试验场开展了不同组合覆盖形式的渗沥控制试验,并对生态覆盖系统进行非饱和水运动数值模拟和水量平衡分析,结果表明,适合于生态覆盖的土壤类型为壤土和粘壤土,覆盖土层填筑密度宜在1.1-...     

环境监测中样品的两种编号方法

文章提供了两种样品的编号方法,即纯数字编号法和按样品属性编号法,很好地满足了环境监测对样品编号的要求,可供各级环境监测部门参考。     

基于LED驱动芯片的低温漂CMOS基准电压源

设计了一种低温漂CMOS基准电压源,应用于LED驱动芯片中．采用基本的带隙基准电压源原理,并对结构进行了改进,减小了失调电压对输出的影响,同时可以提供多路输出,满足LED驱动芯片中多个基准电压的需求．基于CSMC0．5μmCMOS工艺对所设计电路进行了模拟仿真．常温（25℃）下,电源电压为4V时电路具有稳定的三路输出：200mV、600mV和1V,温度在-45-85℃变化时,温度系数为16．9ppm／℃,PSRR大于-70dB@1kHz．     

龙岩市PM10排放源污染元素富集因子分析

以福建省A层土壤元素背景值作为参考背景值,以Ti作为参考元素,应用富集因子分析方法对龙岩市内6种PM10主要排放源（道路尘、扬尘、钢铁厂尘、水泥厂尘、机动车尾气尘、燃煤尘）的污染元素进行了分析。分析结果表明,龙岩市各PM10排放源均存在着不同程度的污染元素富集污染现象,这些元素的富集污染程度易受人类活动的影响,并经过长时间的积累在城区内富集,使得城区内PM10的污染现象突出。研究结果为龙岩市大气环境治理提供了科学依据,有利于区域大气环境质量的改善。     

贵州省参考作物蒸散发量的时空变化分析

利用1960～2009年贵州省18个气象站的逐日气象资料,应用FAO Penman-Monteith方程,计算了参考作物蒸散发量(ET0),分析了贵州省参考作物蒸散发量时空变化特征以及主要影响因素。结果表明:贵州省各个地区年均ET0在634～936mm之间;从1960年到2009年,年参考作物蒸散发量总体呈下降趋势,年际变化率为-1.70mm/a;从20世纪60年代起,各年代ET0呈减小趋势;春季、夏季和冬季的ET0下降趋势显著,秋季的下降趋势不明显;对全年和各个季节的ET0影响最大的气候因素都是日照时数。贵州省显著减小的日照时数可能是ET0呈减小趋势的原因。     

臭氧前驱体物监测用氮气中多组分VOCs气体标准物质的研制

介绍了瓶装1μmol/mol臭氧前驱体物监测用氮气中57组分挥发性有机物(VOCs)气体标准物质的研制过程,该气体标准物质严格按照《气体分析 校准用混合气体的制备 第1部分:称量法制备一级混合气体》(GB/T 5274.1-2018)所规定的配制气体标准物质的方法采用称量法制备。建立了GC-MS联用结合选择离子扫描(SIM)的分析方法,研究了目标化合物在气瓶中的均匀性和稳定性。57种目标化合物完全满足美国环保署光化学评估监测站(PAMS)关于臭氧前驱体物VOCs在线监测的技术要求。将气体标准物质分别送至中国环境监测总站和英国国家物理实验室(NPL)进行比对分析,结果良好,表明研制的气体标准物质具有较好的压力均匀性和稳定性,符合使用要求。相对扩展不确定度为5%(k=2),使用有效期为1年,取得国家二级标准物质证书,证书编号为GBW(E)083966。