A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATING AGRICULTURAL WATER CONSERVATION POTENTIALS1

ABSTRACT: This paper defines types of water losses in irrigated agriculture and outlines potentials for water conservation. Recoverable water “losses” (seepage, leakage, and spillage during storage and conveyance, and surface runoff and deep percolation during irrigation) and irrecoverable losses (evaporation from water and soil surfaces and transpiration from plants) are described and illustrated. Some conservation terms are defined, particularly the distinction between on-farm irrigation efficiency and areawide efficiency. Briefly reviewed are agricultural water conservation technologies and their applicability. The biggest untapped potential for water conservation may be a reduction in irrecoverable losses, especially evapotranspiration. The advantages and disadvantages of reducing recoverable and irrecoverable water losses are described, including possible effects on ground water, energy, salinity, crops, wildlife, and in-stream uses. Such information may be useful in several policy and management issues, e.g., ground water overdraft and possible constraints on crops and sites to be irrigated.     

A Bayesian approach to evaluating site impairment

In the United States, each state is required to list water resources that are declared to be impaired under guidelines set by the Clean Water Act. Measurements are typically collected on a number of chemical constituents and compared with a standard. If there are too many measurements exceeding the standard, then the site is declared impaired. The approach is non-statistical but similar to a Binomial test. The Binomial approach would convert the measurements to binary data then test if the proportion exceeding the standard is excessive. Both methods convert measurements to binary values hence exclude potentially important information in the data. We present a statistical approach using a Bayesian model that uses the raw data instead of the binary transformed data. The population distribution of a family of location-scale parameter models is studied under the model. Posterior distributions from the Bayesian analysis are used in the decision-making process and error probabilities for the Bayesian and the Binomial approaches are compared for a normal population.     

毛乌素沙地地下水浅埋区田间水分动态

毛乌素沙地种植区地下水埋深较浅,地下水与土壤水分之间联系紧密,为揭示春玉米生长过程中水分运移关键过程,本文基于原位监测,利用Hydrus-1D建立模型研究毛乌素沙地的田间水分动态。结果发现:在包气带中,40 cm深以上土层水分受根系吸水和气象条件影响变化剧烈,50 cm深以下土层水分变化受地下水影响显著;在玉米整个生长期内,蒸发量占蒸散量的比例为31%,地下水对玉米生长的水分贡献总量为220.09 mm,占玉米耗水总量的37.9%;为了减少深层入渗,实现节水灌溉,在当前地下水埋深条件下,可将每次的灌溉量减少为原水量的72%;地下水位的下降会减少玉米对地下水的利用,并增大灌溉需求量,模拟发现,当平均地下水埋深下降至147 cm深时,玉米生长将不再利用地下水。研究成果可为毛乌素沙地的农田水分利用及生态环境保护提供重要的理论依据和参考信息。     

不同尺度下蒸散量测算方法的应用及展望

在水资源日益稀缺的背景下,蒸散作为陆地水循环的重要组成部分,对水资源管理和农业灌溉方案的制定都起着决定性作用。在全球尺度上,蒸散量整体呈现出了明显的随时间增加趋势,但区域尺度及流域尺度的蒸散变化则呈现出较大的不确定性,并且在一些下垫面比较复杂的地区,如喀斯特小流域,蒸散作为流域水循环的重要组成部分往往难以准确测定,所以更需要因地制宜地选择蒸散量测算方法。基于此,本文以各种方法的研究尺度为切入点,将当前被广泛接受的蒸散研究方法分为小尺度方法,即针对单体植株和适用于田块尺度的蒸散研究方法,包括树干液流法、零通量面法、风调室法、蒸渗仪法以及土壤-植被-大气连续体(SPAC)水分传输综合模拟法;百米尺度方法,包括波文比法和涡动相关法;公里尺度方法,主要包括闪烁仪法;流域及区域尺度方法,包括水量平衡法和空间遥感法。概述了各个方法的应用范围、特点以及局限性,列举了前人工作中各种方法之间的对比验证,着重分析了闪烁仪方法在复杂下垫面的应用前景,以便在不同研究条件和研究尺度下能选择最佳的蒸散量测算方法,并对未来蒸散研究进行了展望。     

Deficit Irrigation Management of Maize in the High Plains Aquifer Region: A Review

Irrigated agriculture is a major economic contributor of the High Plains Region and it primarily relies on the High Plains Aquifer as a source of water. Over time, areas of the High Plains Aquifer have experienced drawdowns limiting its ability to supply sufficient water to sustain fully irrigated crop production. This among other reasons, including variable climatic factors and differences in state water policy, has resulted in some areas adopting and practicing deficit irrigation management. Considerable research has been conducted across the High Plains Aquifer region to identify locally appropriate deficit irrigation strategies. This review summarizes and discusses research conducted in Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, and Texas, as well as highlights areas for future research. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on Optimizing Ogallala Aquifer Water Use to Sustain Food Systems. See the February 2019 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

富集因子法中参比元素的选取方法——以元江底泥中重金属污染评价为例

富集因子法中参比元素的选择对目标元素富集程度评价及源解析结果有至关重要的影响,盲目选用可能会导致偏颇或错误的结论,但目前鲜有针对参比元素的选择所进行的探讨.本文以元江沉积物中重金属元素污染水平评价及来源解析为例,详细介绍了运用顺序提取法、相关分析法、聚类分析法等化学分析和数理统计相结合并联系研究区域地球化学背景、产业分布及元素特性确定参比元素的方法.并采用所选出的参比元素进行富集因子法分析,将所得重金属污染等级评价结果及重金属来源的推论与地积累指数法对重金属污染等级评价的结果和以因子分析法对重金属溯源的推论相比较.结果表明,利用相关分析和顺序提取等方法选择参比元素是可靠可行的.     

基于岭估计的青海省东部农业区ET_0遥感反演研究

论文利用青海东部农业区内的12个气象站2003—2005年气象资料,应用Penman-Monteith公式计算得到各站逐旬的ET_0值,并进一步研究其与高程(DEM)、地表温度(LST)及归一化植被指数(NDVI)3个因子之间的关系,提取遥感数据并耦合到时间分辨率为旬,空间分辨率为1 km,将其与计算所得ET_0建立多元反演模型。由于3个自变量因子之间存在着很强的相关关系,LST与NDVI间判定系数R2平均在0.7左右,不能直接用最小二乘回归方法建立模型。为有效避免自变量间相关性对模型的影响,研究中采用岭估计方法建模。结果表明,通过岭估计建立2003年10~33旬区域二元模型反演最低精度达76.19%,区域三元模型反演最低精度也有83.54%。与传统方法所建模型相比,检查点均方根误差减小约1.1,反演最低精度提高11%左右,能满足实际应用需求。     

FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY FOR NATURAL STABLE CHANNEL DESIGN1

A fluvial geomorphological methodology for designing natural stable channels is being widely applied for river restoration. It is an analogue procedure, as the W/d ratio and sinuosity from a reference reach are scaled to determine the restoration design. The choice of reference reach is crucial and published criteria specify that it should be stable, correspond to the stream type at the restoration site, have the same valley type, and be from the same hydrophysiographic region. For stable, meandering gravel cobble bed rivers flowing through alluvial flood plains (C3 and C4 stream types), UK regime equations are used to evaluate the procedure. Successful design requires particular combinations of the ratios of bankfull discharge, bed material size and load, valley slope, and bank vegetation category between the reference and restoration sites. These critical ratios, which are confirmed by U.S. field data, provide guidelines for selecting a suitable reference reach for C3‐C4 stream types. They also indicate that the reference reach can be in any valley type or hydrophysiographic region. The geomorphological procedure will apply to all stable stream types, provided the reference reach is correctly identified. Specific guidelines for each stream type await the development of additional regime equations.     

WATER LOSSES ALONG A REACH OF THE PECOS RIVER IN NEW MEXICO1

ABSTRACT: A reach of the Pecos River, located in eastern New Mexico, was examined to evaluate losses of river flows due to evaporation, seepage, and transpiration. An accurate assessment of the water losses along this reach is critical for determining how water rights are adjudicated for water users in the Pecos basin and interstate compact accounting. Water losses significantly impact flows through critical habitat for species protected under the Endangered Species Act. Daily losses of river flows were analyzed for the study reach that extends from immediately below the Pecos River confluence with Taiban Creek to the United States Geological Survey (USGS) gage near Acme. The analysis was completed with consideration for other processes including flood wave travel times and attenuation along with stream bank storage and returns. The analysis was completed using daily stream flow data from USGS gages located along the study reach. Empirical seasonal functions were developed to relate flow loss to the flow rate in the river. The functions were ultimately developed to provide a method for comparing the effects of different river flows on the available water supply.     

中国中老年男性全血比粘度参考值与海拔高度的曲线模型分析

目的：为制定中国中老年男性全血比粘度参考值的统一标准提供科学依据,方法：收集了中国３１２个单位用毛细管法测定的２１２７７例健康中老年男性全血比粘度参考值,用曲线回归分析的方法研究了其与海拨高度之间的关系。结果：发现随着海拨高度的逐渐增大,中老年男性全血比粘度参考值按指数律也在逐渐的增大,相关性很显著（Ｒ＝０．７８４）;推导出了一个曲线回归模型＾Ｙ＝４３５×１０００１２９ｘ±０９３。结论：如果知道了中国某地的海拨高度,就可以用回归模型估算这个地区的中老年男性全血比粘度参考值,依据中老年男性全血比粘度参考值与地理因素的依赖关系把中国分为青藏区,中部区,东部区等三个区